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The Grapes of Wrath

 
American Theater Guide: The Grapes of Wrath
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Grapes of Wrath, The (1990), a stage adaptation of John Steinbeck's novel by Frank Galati. [ Cort Theatre, 188 perf.; Tony Award.] Originating at Chicago's Steppenwolf Theatre, this earthy and captivating version staged by Galati was perfectly suited to the gritty kind of acting at which the company excelled. Lois Smith was the indomitable Ma Joad, Gary Sinise was her ex‐con son Tom, and Terry Kinney was the preacher Casey, the conscience of the epic tale about destitute “Okies” who seek a new life in California. Presented simply on a planked stage with the Joads's overflowing truck as the visual focal point, the play allowed the story to speak for itself without gimmicks or artistic flourishes. Despite favorable notices, the Manhattan run was disappointingly short. Frank GALATI (b. 1943) is a respected director and successful writer. He was born in Highland Park, Illinois, and educated at Northwestern before embarking on a teaching career. But soon he was directing for Chicago theatres, including the Goodman and the Steppenwolf. He has adapted literary works for the stage and screen and staged the New York productions of The Glass Menagerie (1994) with Julie Harris, Ragtime (1998), and Seussical (2000).

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Notes on Novels: The Grapes of Wrath
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Contents:

Author Biography
Plot Summary
Characters
Themes
Style
Historical Context
Critical Overview
Criticism
Sources
For Further Study


When The Grapes of Wrath was published on March 14, 1939, it created a national sensation for its depiction of the devastating effects of the Great Depression of the 1930s. By the end of April, it was selling 2,500 copies a day — a remarkable number considering the hard economic times. In May, the novel was a number-one best-seller, selling at a rate of 10,000 copies a week. By the end of 1939, close to a half million copies had been sold.

John Steinbeck was shocked by the tremendous response to his novel. Almost overnight, he was transformed from a respected, struggling writer into a public sensation. Yet The Grapes of Wrath was bound to cause controversy in a country experiencing a decade of major social upheaval during the Depression. With the novel's publication, Steinbeck found himself immersed in a great national debate over the migrant labor problem. Many people were shocked by the poverty and hopelessness of the story, and others denied that such circumstances could happen in America. Admidst the controversy, people who had never read a book before bought a copy of The Grapes of Wrath. At $2.75 per copy, it was affordable and quickly sold out. Libraries had waiting lists for the novel that were months long.

It was perhaps inevitable that such an epic novel would cause a sensation. With the exception of Margaret Mitchell's Gone with the Wind (1936), The Grapes of Wrath was the publishing event of the decade. Widespread charges of obscenity were brought against the novel, and it was banned and burned in Buffalo, New York; East Saint Louis, Illinois; and Kern County, California, where much of the novel is set. In fact, the novel remains one of the most frequently banned books in the United States, according to school and library associations. The book was denounced in Congress by Representative Lyle Boren of Oklahoma, who called the novel's depiction of migrant living conditions a vulgar lie. Charges were made that "obscenity" had been included in the book in large part to sell more copies. Eventually, First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt stepped in to praise the book and defend Steinbeck against his critics. In 1940, the novel won the Pulitzer Prize. Yet, at the time, such were the pressures of Steinbeck's celebrity that he described fame as "a pain in the ass."

The popularity of the novel has endured. It is estimated that it has sold fifteen million copies since its publication. For almost sixty years, Steinbeck's novel has been a classic in American literature; it has been translated into several languages, including French, German, and Japanese. The Grapes of Wrath has also been an integral part of the school curriculum in America since the end of World War II.

Wikipedia: The Grapes of Wrath
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This article is about the novel. For other uses, see Grapes of Wrath.
The Grapes of Wrath  
JohnSteinbeck TheGrapesOfWrath.jpg
First edition cover
Author John Steinbeck
Cover artist Elmer Hader
Country United States
Language English
Genre(s) Novel
Publisher The Viking Press-James Lloyd
Publication date 1939
Media type Print (Hardcover and Paperback)
Pages 619
OCLC Number 289946

The Grapes of Wrath is a novel published in 1939 and written by John Steinbeck, who was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1940 and the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962. Set during the Great Depression, the novel focuses on a poor family of sharecroppers, the Joads, driven from their Oklahoma home by drought, economic hardship, and changes in the agriculture industry. In a nearly hopeless situation, they set out for California's Salinas Valley along with thousands of other "Okies" in search of land, jobs and dignity.

The Grapes of Wrath is frequently read in American high school and college literature classes. A celebrated Hollywood film version, starring Henry Fonda and directed by John Ford, was made in 1940; the endings of the book and the movie differ greatly.

Contents

Plot

The narrative begins just after Tom Joad is paroled from prison for homicide. On his journey home, he meets a now-former preacher, Jim Casy, whom he remembers from his childhood, and the two travel together. When they arrive at his childhood farm home, they find it deserted. Disconcerted and confused, he and Casy go to his Uncle John's home nearby where he finds his family loading a converted Hudson truck with what remains of their possessions; the crops were destroyed in the Dust Bowl and as a result, the family had to default on their loans. With their farm repossessed, the Joads seek solace in hope; hope inscribed on the handbills which are distributed everywhere in Oklahoma, describing the beautiful and fruitful country of California and high pay to be had in that state. The Joads, along with Jim Casy, are seduced by this advertising and invest everything they have into the journey. Although leaving Oklahoma would be breaking parole, Tom decides that it is a risk, albeit minimal, that he has to take.

While en route, the Joad family discovers that all of the roads and the highways are saturated with other families who are also making the same trek, ensnared by the same promise. As the Joads continue on their journey and hear many stories from others, some coming back from California, they are forced to confront the possibility that their prospects may not be what they hoped. This realization, supported by the deaths of Grandpa and Grandma and the departure of Noah (the eldest Joad son) and Connie (the husband of the pregnant Joad daughter, Rose of Sharon), is forced from their thoughts: they must go on because they have no choice—there is nothing remaining for them in Oklahoma.

Upon arrival, they find little hope of making a decent wage, as there is an oversupply of labor and a lack of rights, and the big corporate farmers are in collusion. The tragedy lies in the simplicity and impossibility of their dream: a house, a family, and a steady job. A gleam of hope is presented at Weedpatch Camp, in one of the clean, utility-supplied camps operated by the Resettlement Administration, a New Deal agency that has been established to help the migrants, but there is not enough money and space to care for all of the needy.

In response to the exploitation of laborers, the workers begin to join unions. The surviving members of the family unknowingly work as strikebreakers on an orchard involved in a strike that eventually turns violent, killing the preacher Casy and forcing Tom Joad to kill again and become a fugitive. He bids farewell to his mother, promising that no matter where he runs, he will be a tireless advocate for the oppressed. Rose-of-Sharon's baby is stillborn; however, Ma Joad remains steadfast and forces the family through the bereavement. In the end, Rose of Sharon commits the only act in the book that is not futile: she breast feeds a man too sick from starvation to eat solid food, still trying to show hope in humanity after her own negative experience. This final act is said to illustrate the spontaneous mutual sharing that will lead to a new awareness of collective values.

Characters

  • Tom Joad — Protagonist of the story; the Joad family's second son, named after his father. Later on, Tom takes leadership of the family even though he is young.
  • Ma Joad — matriarch. Practical and warm-spirited, she tries to hold the family together. Her given name is never learned; it is suggested that her maiden name was Hazlett.
  • Pa Joad — patriarch, also named Tom. Hardworking sharecropper and family man.
  • Uncle John Joad — Older brother of Pa Joad, feels responsible for the death of his young wife years before when he ignored her pleas for a doctor because he thought she just had a stomachache. He tries to repress sins such as drinking, then fulfills them with gross excesses like binge drinking.
  • Jim Casy — A former preacher who lost his faith after committing fornication with willing members of his church numerous times, and from his perception that religion has no solace or answer for the difficulties the people are experiencing. Christ figure, shares his initials with Jesus.
  • Al Joad — The second youngest son who cares mainly for cars and girls; looks up to Tom, but begins to find his own way. Over the book's course he gradually matures and learns responsibility.
  • Rose of Sharon Rivers — Childish and dreamy teenage daughter who develops as the novel progresses to become a mature woman. She symbolizes regrowth when she helps the starving stranger (see also Roman Charity, works of art based on the legend of a daughter as wet nurse to her dying father). Pregnant in the beginning of the novel, she delivers a stillborn baby, probably as a result of malnutrition. Her name is pronounced "Rosasharn" by the family.
  • Connie Rivers — Rose of Sharon's husband. Young and naive, he is overwhelmed by the responsibilities of marriage and impending fatherhood, and abandons her shortly after arriving in California. He is stated to be 19 years old upon his and Tom's first encounter before leaving for California.
  • Noah Joad — The oldest son who is the first to willingly leave the family, choosing to stay by an idyllic river and survive by fishing. Injured at birth, described as "strange", he may have slight learning difficulties or autistic spectrum disorder.
  • Grandpa William James Joad — Tom's grandfather who expresses his strong desire to stay in Oklahoma. He is drugged to make him leave but dies shortly after of a stroke. Symbolically, it is due to his spirit staying at the farm.
  • Granma Joad — The religious wife of Grandpa Joad, she seems to lose the will to live (and consequently dies while crossing the desert) after her husband's death.
  • Ruthie Joad — One of the younger children. The youngest daughter. Older than Winfield.
  • Winfield Joad — A child. The youngest male in the family. He and Ruthie are close.
  • Ivy and Sairy Wilson — Kansas folks in a similar predicament, who help attend the death of Grandpa and subsequently share the travelling with the Joads as far as the California state line. It is implied Sairy is too ill to carry on and probably dies after the Joads and Wilsons part at the state line.
  • Mr. Wainwright — The father of Aggie Wainwright and husband of Mrs. Wainwright. Worries over his daughter who is sixteen and in his words "growed up".
  • Mrs. Wainwright — Mother to Aggie Wainwright and wife to Mr. Wainwright. She helps deliver Rose-of-Sharon's stillborn baby with Ma.
  • Aggie Wainwright — Sixteen years of age. Daughter to Mr. and Mrs. Wainwright. Intends on marrying Al. She has limited interactions with the other characters, but does speak with Ruthie and Winfield when Rose of Sharon goes into labor.

Development

Title

While writing the novel at his home, 16250 Greenwood Lane, in what is now Monte Sereno, California, Steinbeck had unusual difficulty devising a title. "The Grapes of Wrath", suggested by his wife, Carol Steinbeck, was deemed more suitable than anything the author could come up with. The title is a reference to lyrics from "The Battle Hymn of the Republic", by Julia Ward Howe:

Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord:
He is trampling out the vintage where the grapes of wrath are stored;
He hath loosed the fateful lightning of His terrible swift sword:
His truth is marching on.

These lyrics refer, in turn, to the biblical passage Revelation 14:19-20, an apocalyptic appeal to divine justice and deliverance from oppression in the final judgment.

And the angel thrust in his sickle into the earth, and gathered the vine of the earth, and cast it into the great winepress of the wrath of God. And the winepress was trodden without the city, and blood came out of the winepress, even unto the horse bridles, by the space of a thousand and six hundred furlongs.

The phrase also appears at the end of chapter 25 which describes the purposeful destruction of food to keep the price high:

...and in the eyes of the hungry there is a growing wrath. In the souls of the people the grapes of wrath are filling and growing heavy, growing heavy for the vintage.

As might be expected, the image invoked by the title serves as a crucial symbol in the development of both the plot and the novel's greater thematic concerns: From the terrible winepress of Dust Bowl oppression will come terrible wrath but also the deliverance of workers through their cooperation.

In popular culture

The novel has had a strong impact on popular culture.

Adaptations

1940 film adaptation of The Grapes of Wrath

Literature

Music

  • In 1940, Woody Guthrie recorded a ballad called "Tom Joad". This ballad, set to the tune of "John Hardy", summarizes the plot of the book and movie. It was so long that it had to be recorded in two parts. Guthrie, a native of Oklahoma, wrote the song after seeing the movie, which he described as the "best cussed pitcher I ever seen".
  • The Norwegian composer Geirr Tveitt composed a cantata for mezzo-soprano and orchestra called "The Turtle", using an excerpt from The Grapes of Wrath.
  • Kris Kristofferson's 1981 single "Here Comes That Rainbow Again" is based on a scene from the book.
  • The Grapes of Wrath was a popular Canadian alternative rock band from 1984 to 1994.
  • On Pink Floyd's 1987 album A Momentary Lapse of Reason, the opening lines for the song "Sorrow" are paraphrased from the beginning of a chapter in The Grapes of Wrath: "Sweet smell of a great sorrow lies over the land."
  • In 1991, the English progressive rock band Camel recorded an album Dust and Dreams inspired by The Grapes of Wrath.
  • In 1995, Bruce Springsteen recorded his song "The Ghost of Tom Joad" on the album of the same name. The lyric is set in contemporary times, but the third verse quotes Tom's famous "wherever there's a ..." lines. The song was later recorded by Rage Against The Machine, José González's band Junip, and others. Springsteen has stated that he was first inspired by the John Ford film.
  • "Broken Plow", a song on Chris Knight's 2003 album "The Jealous Kind", closely follows the books plot and captures the feeling of it. In his own words he "basically paraphrased the book."[citation needed]
  • The Massachusetts metalcore band Killswitch Engage's 2004 album "The End of Heartache" contained the track "Rose of Sharyn".

Military operation

In 1996 Israel launched an attack on Lebanon that was code named Operation Grapes of Wrath, but the name may have been a reference to the biblical language on which the novel's title was based rather than to the novel itself.

Critical reception

At the time of publication, Steinbeck's novel "was a phenomenon on the scale of a national event. It was publicly banned and burned by citizens, it was debated on national radio hook-ups; but above all, it was read." [4] Steinbeck scholar John Timmerman sums up the book's impact: "The Grapes of Wrath may well be the most thoroughly discussed novel - in criticism, reviews, and college classrooms - of twentieth century American literature." Part of its impact stemmed from its passionate depiction of the plight of the poor, and in fact, many of Steinbeck's contemporaries attacked his social and political views. Bryan Cordyack writes, "Steinbeck was attacked as a propagandist and a socialist from both the left and the right of the political spectrum. The most fervent of these attacks came from the Associated Farmers of California; they were displeased with the book's depiction of California farmers' attitudes and conduct toward the migrants. They denounced the book as a 'pack of lies' and labeled it 'communist propaganda'."[5] However, although Steinbeck was accused of exaggeration of the camp conditions to make a political point, in fact he had done the opposite, underplaying the conditions that he well knew were worse than the novel describes[6] because he felt exact description would have gotten in the way of his story. Furthermore, there are several references to socialist politics and questions which appear in the John Ford film of 1940 which do not appear in the novel, which is less political in its terminology and interests.

Franklin D. Roosevelt was an early advocate for addressing the plight of those featured in the book.

In 1962, the Nobel Prize committee cited Grapes of Wrath as a "great work" and as one of the committee's main reasons for granting Steinbeck the Nobel Prize for Literature.[7]

Time Magazine included the novel in its TIME 100 Best English-language Novels from 1923 to 2005.[8]

References

Notes

  1. ^ Internet Broadway Database: The Grapes of Wrath Production Credits
  2. ^ The Grapes of Wrath (1991) (TV)
  3. ^ Michael Anthony, "'Grapes' is a sweet, juicy production", Minneapolis Star Tribune, 2/12/2007
  4. ^ Lisca, Peter (1958), The Wide World of John Steinbeck, Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press 
  5. ^ Cordyack, Brian. "20th-Century American Bestsellers: John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath". Graduate School of Library and Information Science, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. http://www3.isrl.uiuc.edu/~unsworth/courses/bestsellers/search.cgi?title=The+Grapes+of+Wrath. Retrieved 2007-02-18. 
  6. ^ Shillinglaw, Susan; Benson, Jackson J (2002), Of Men and Their Making: The Non-Fiction Of John Steinbeck, Penguin, http://books.guardian.co.uk/extracts/story/0,6761,643450,00.html, retrieved 2008-12-17 
  7. ^ Osterling, Anders. "Nobel Prize in Literature 1962 - Presentation Speech". http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1962/press.html. Retrieved 2007-02-18. 
  8. ^ http://www.time.com/time/2005/100books/

Bibliography

  • Gregory, James N. "Dust Bowl Legacies: the Okie Impact on California, 1939-1989". California History 1989 68(3): 74-85. Issn: 0162-2897
  • Saxton, Alexander. "In Dubious Battle: Looking Backward". Pacific Historical Review 2004 73(2): 249-262. Issn: 0030-8684 Fulltext: online at Swetswise, Ingenta, Ebsco
  • Sobchack, Vivian C. "The Grapes of Wrath (1940): Thematic Emphasis Through Visual Style". American Quarterly 1979 31(5): 596-615. Issn: 0003-0678 Fulltext: in Jstor. Discusses the visual style of John Ford's cinematic adaptation of the novel. Usually the movie is examined in terms of its literary roots or its social protest. But the imagery of the film reveals the important theme of the Joad family's coherence. The movie shows the family in closeups, cramped in small spaces on a cluttered screen, isolated from the land and their surroundings. Dim lighting helps abstract the Joad family from the reality of Dust Bowl migrants. The film's emotional and aesthetic power comes from its generalized quality attained through this visual style.
  • Windschuttle, Keith. "Steinbeck's Myth of the Okies". The New Criterion, Vol. 20, No. 10, June 2002.
  • Zirakzadeh, Cyrus Ernesto. "John Steinbeck on the Political Capacities of Everyday Folk: Moms, Reds, and Ma Joad's Revolt". Polity 2004 36(4): 595-618. Issn: 0032-3497

External links

Search Wikiquote Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: The Grapes of Wrath
Awards and achievements
Preceded by
The Yearling
by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings		 Pulitzer Prize for the Novel
1940		 Succeeded by
1941: no award given
1942:In This Our Life
by Ellen Glasgow
v • d • e
Works by John Steinbeck
Novels
Non-fiction
Short story collections

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