This answer depends on the characteristics of the motor. There are may different applications for motors and though the HP remains the same, the full load amps differ. If you have the FLA of the 5 HP motor then an answer can be given.
16A
The question can't be answered - it has no meaning :)
Yes and no. Your electric panel has two bus bars. Each supplies 120 VAC. If you measure the voltage across these two buses you get 230-240 VAC. The buses are staggered top to bottom such that each breaker, top to bottom, alternates which of the buses they connect to. A 2-pole breaker would typically be use for 230-240 VAC service, but could be used for two 120 VAC circuits. However, in the latter case if either of the 120 VAC circuits tripped, both would trip. In the case of two single pole breakers, it would depend if they were connected to each bus or the same bus. However if used for a 230-240 VAC service you would want both to trip if either side tripped. This is done by joining together the handles of each breaker stacked on above the other in panel.
Not a problem. The higher voltage rating of the interrupter just says it is safe and has been tested at that voltage.
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Possibly, most 230 volt saws draw about 16-18 amps on each line. There will be a spec plate on or by the motor which has the amp draw marked. CHECK this first.
Depends on the size of the circuit which you did not list.
The electrical code book states that a 40 HP 230 volt three phase motor draws 104 amps. For that motor the wire must be rated for 131 amps, Non time delay fuses at 300 amps, time delay fuses at 175 amps or a 250 amp circuit breaker. When calculating wire sizes and motor protection the motor's full load amperage should be taken from the motor's nameplate.
Yes, you can use a 15 amp outlet on a 20 amp circuit. The outlet's amp rating should not exceed the circuit's amp rating.
The difference is that the 440 vac capacitor has a 70 volt-amp-current higher output than the 370. Capacitors must always be replaced with the same size micro-farads or you'll damage the device, such as a motor. The vac rating can be changed with a capacitor with a higher rating but not lower. Example: 15mfd at 370vac can be replaced by a 15mfd at 440vac, but not the opposite.
I think it is called the heater motor and has a circuit breaker and a 40 amp fuse in the under hood fuse compartment.
No, it is not safe to use a 20 amp outlet on a 15 amp circuit as it can overload the circuit and potentially cause a fire hazard. It is important to match the outlet with the circuit's amp rating to ensure safety.