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4. The manager of a company wants to investigate job satisfaction among its employees. One morning after a meeting she talks to all 25 employees who attended. Does this sampling plan result in a rando?
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What is meant by validity How does it differ from reliability and what are its types?
Validity - This means that a measurement scale should measure what it is supposed to measure. Validity may be classified into different types, as described below. The degree of validity of each type is determined by applying logic, statistical procedures or both. 1. Content validity: This type of validity may be of two types - a) Face validity and b) Sampling validity. Face validity is determined through a subjective evaluation of a measuring scale. For example, a researcher may develop a scale to measure consumer attitudes towards a brand and pre-test the scale among a few experts. If the experts are satisfied with the scale, the researcher may conclude that the scale has face validity. However, the limitation of this type of validity is that it is determined by opinions, rather than through a statistical method. Sampling validity refers to how representative the content of the measuring instrument is. In other words, the measuring instrument's content must be representative of the content universe of the characteristic being measured. For example, if attitude is the characteristic being measured, its content universe may comprise statements and questions indicating which aspects of attitude need to be measured. In this case, sampling validity will be determined by comparing the items in the measuring instrument with the items in the content universe. Sampling validity, like face validity, is also based on the judgment and subjective evaluation of both the researcher and outside experts. The determination of the content universe and the selection of the relevant items that are to be included in the measuring scale are both done based on the knowledge and skill of the investigator and other judges.2. Predictive validity: This type of validity refers to the extent to which one behavior can be predicted based on another, based on the association between the results yielded by the measuring instrument and the eventual outcome.3. Construct validity: A construct is a conceptual equation that is developed by the researcher based on theoretical reasoning. Various kinds of relationships may be perceived by the researcher between a variable under study and other variables2.4.2 Reliability This refers to the ability of a measuring scale to provide consistent and accurate results. To give a simple example, a weighing machine may be said to be reliable if the same reading is given every time the same object is weighed.
What do you understand by bias in production and operation management?
Bias is a term used to describe a tendency or preference towards a particular perspective, ideology or result, when the tendency interferes with the ability to be impartial, unprejudiced, or objective.[1]. In other words, bias is generally seen as a 'one-sided' perspective. The term biased refers to a person or group who is judged to exhibit bias. It is used to describe an attitude, judgment, or behavior that is influenced by a prejudice. Bias can be unconscious or conscious in awareness. Having a bias is part of a normal development. Labeling someone as biased in some regard implies they need a greater or more flexible perspective in that area, or that they need to consider more deeply the context. In psychology, cognitive bias is bias based on factors related to the brain as an information processor. One type of cognitive bias is confirmation bias, the tendency to interpret new information in such a way that confirms one's prior beliefs, even to the extreme of denial, ignoring information that conflicts with one's prior beliefs. The fundamental attribution error, also known as "correspondence bias", is one example of such bias, in which people tend to explain others' behavior in terms of personality, whereas they tend to explain their own behavior in terms of the situation In statistics, there are several types of bias: Selection bias, where there is an error in choosing the individuals or groups to take part in a scientific study. It includes sampling bias, in which some members of the population are more likely to be included than others. Spectrum bias consists of evaluating the ability of a diagnostic test in a biased group of patients, which leads to an overestimate of the sensitivity and specificity of the test. The bias of an estimator is the difference between an estimator's expectation and the true value of the parameter being estimated. Omitted-variable bias is the bias that appears in estimates of parameters in a regression analysis when the assumed specification is incorrect, in that it omits an independent variable that should be in the model. In statistical hypothesis testing, a test is said to be unbiased when the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis exceeds the significance level when the alternative is true and is less than or equal to the significance level when the null hypothesis is true. Systematic bias or systemic bias are external influences that may affect the accuracy of statistical measurements.
How do you Control the Production Quality of Shirt?
To control the production quality of shirt should start with the following aspects: 1. Fabric Inspection Fabric inspection is the first and also crucial checkpoint when producing shirts. Only qualified products can be passed into next process. Some fabric defects are difficult to eliminate, which will directly affect the quality of finished product such as spun yarn, soft sides, nep, hole, oil stain, etc. Fabric inspection can be divided into the following details: (1) Use the cloth inspecting machine to check each fabric under the standard illuminant lamphouse. Mark at the edge of the fabric if there are defects on that fabric. Judge to use or return these fabrics to supplier if there are many stains or unacceptable stains on the fabrics. (2) Color difference inspection: compare the same fabric with the color in the beginning, middle and end. Use the color card to check every piece of fabric color. (3) Shrinkage rate: shrinkage rate of fabric will directly affect the stability of shirt size. Oversize shrinkage rate is not so good for controlling the shirt size. (4) Fabric amount inspection: guarantee the fabric amount and complete the order according to the amount required. (5) Fabric structural inspection: check whether the tightness, thickness, density of fabrics meet the requirement or not. 2. Intermediate inspection There are many forms to inspect. According to the order of work process it can be divided into receiving inspection, process inspection and finished product inspection; according to the place of survey it can be divided into fixed inspection and flow inspection; according to the amount of inspection it can be divided into total inspection and sampling inspection. While the intermediate inspection of shirt processing mainly is combined with process inspection and flow inspection. Preventing the process defects such as seam type, seam distance and size which are not meet manufacturing technique. Prevent and control rejects effectively. (1) Process inspection Process inspection examines during the processing. Not only need they examine processing quality but also examine the factors which effects processing quality. The function is used to preventing rejects from producing and flowing into the next process. Process inspection can be divided into one by one step process inspection and several steps process inspection. One by one step process inspection can guarantee the processing quality while the workload is large. Shirt enterprises usually use several steps process inspection, and the checkpoints are mainly located in the critical process where the qualities are easy to fluctuate or there are big influences to end products qualities. Or there is a process which some rejects can not repair, like combined panels such as attach collar and attach cuff before process and unrepairable buttonholing before process, so semi-finished products must be inspected. (2) Flow inspection Flow inspection is also known as cyclic detection. It is the inspection which exclusive surveyors check in the workplace. Through the cyclic detection, labile factors in the productive process can be timely found and corrected. Not only does it prevents the rejects but also convenient for exclusive surveyors to guide the handlers. On the basis of the certain inspection way and cyclic times, when doing cyclic inspection, exclusive surveyors should check the quality of semi-finished product and finished product which related to process, the conditions which operator carries out, the conditions which ideas arranged in the process control chart and the conditions which waste defective products segregate. When sewing the shirts, every time we sew the semi-finished shirts, those must be intermediately inspected by the specialized person to guarantee the semi-finished shirts are qualified and the rejects will not passing to the next process. 3. Inspection of finished product Inspection of finished product is also known as the final inspection. It is a overall inspection before the products put in storage and it is the requisite measure to prevent the rejects leaving the factory. Inspection department issues the certification after inspect finished product. In clothing factories, the main inspections for finished product are end process inspections such as garment appearance, manner of packing, packing material, etc.
What type of sampling (sample strategy) is it when I am sampling employees from different organizations?
Convenience sampling or quota sampling
How do you investigate the distribution of sea snails?
By population sampling
Industrial hygiene sampling protcols require the followng personnel be informed of the sampling resutls in their wrk area?
Supervisors, and Employees
To ensure customer satisfaction every 5TH phone call received by customer service will be monitored. What sampling technique will be used?
Systematic
What are the advantages and disadvantages of Kish Grid sampling method?
The Kish Grid sampling method has it's advantages and disadvantages. The advantage as it gives prospective employees whom otherwise would not have had the opportunity the chance to appeal their application in the form of an interview. However, the disadvantage is that many well qualified deserving prospective employees will not be considered for the job.
How could a scientist use sampling to investigate the health of the deer population in a forest preserve?
To see what medicine is good to get them healthy so their body could get more energy
How could a scientist use sampling to investigate the health of deer population in a forest preserve?
To see what medicine is good to get them healthy so their body could get more energy
What are the various kind of sampling?
They include: Simple random sampling, Systematic sampling, Stratified sampling, Quota sampling, and Cluster sampling.
Which one is called non probability sampling a. cluster sampling b.quota sampling c. systematic sampling d. stratified sampling?
Answer is Quota sampling. Its one of the method of non-probability sampling.
What is sampling in research?
Sampling techniques in researching involves to types of sampling. The probability sampling and the non-probability sampling. Simple random is an example of probability sampling.
Which sampling method would be best for a large multi-site corporation employee survey?
When carrying out a multi-site corporation employee survey, stratified sampling will give good results. Subsets of the employees, called strata, are used to save time and resources.
Is convenience sampling method not a random sampling?
You are correct; convenience sampling is not random sampling.
