Propagation time = 6 usec/km × 3000 km = 18 ms
Speed(T1) = 1.536 Mbps
Transmission time for a frame = 64byte × 8 / 1.536Mbps
= 0.3 ms
Total transmission time for a frame and its ack
= 2 × propagation time + transmission time for a frame
= 2 × 18ms + 0.3ms = 36.3ms
Window size = 36.3ms / 0.3ms = 121
As 27 = 128 > 121, so the sequence numbers should be 7 bits.
TCP is a protocol that uses those.
SNMP is structured communication protocol which follows TLV sequence.
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a core protocol of the Internet protocol suite. The sequence number and acknowledgement number are used to confirm receipt of data.
Sound is a sequence of waves of pressure which propagates through compressible media such as air or water. (Sound can propagate through solids as well, but there are additional modes of propagation). During their propagation, waves can be reflected, refracted, or attenuated by the medium. The purpose of this experiment is to examine what effect the characteristics of the medium have on sound.
To ensure data delivery.to ensure that data arrives at its destination in the proper sequence
A connection based protocol requires a technique known as hand-shaking. This means that every packet that is transmitted requires a response from the receiver indicating that they received the packet and that the packet arrived safely. There is a 3-way startup sequence to create a connection using handshaking protocol.
flow control low overhead connectionless connection-oriented sequence and acknowledgements
maximum window size is the difference between highest available sequence number and send_base, knowing that send_base is the sequence number of sent and not yet acknowledged packet. window size= highest available sequence number-send_base=N. note that in GBN window cannot contains already acknowledged packet.
3 bit stuffing is required
A company does not issue or publicise its interview questions with answers - They are in fact part of the HR protocol and these are used by the interviewers in random sequence's
start bit signals receiver end to receive sequence of bits(data bits) and stop bit to signal the end of bit transmission.
ANSWER According to W. Richard Stevens's book, TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1, UDP stands for User Datagram Protocol. It is unreliable, in the sense that there is no retrying defined in the protocol. This is in contrast to TCP, which stands for Transmission Control Protocol. TCP creates a connection layer on top of the unreliable Internet Protocol (IP), by retrying the transmission of sequence-numbered packets so that the receiver can correctly reconstruct the data as it was sent. UDP just transmits the packet, and if any attempt at guaranteeing that a packet was received is needed, it must be done by the application level, not at the protocol level. Note that although it seems like an application should never use an unreliable protocol, the overhead involved in creating TCP connections is often deemed unnecessary, especially for operations done on LANs (ARP, BOOTP, etc).