In a peer to peer network, all nodes are the same. In a client-server network, conversely, the server node maintains control over other nodes.

STAR-Bus

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Most classrooms rely on a star topology to connect their systems together.

Pingt stands for a name such as black people call white people cracker or something and ping just a discriminating name based on race

For a single link the maximum is 100 meters.

Set up your own network at home by getting the help from networking books or a website. For most people, this is the most useful method to learn networking with hands-on experience.

Protocol is the special set of rules that end points in a telecommunication connection use when they communicate. In other words Protocol is an agreed-upon format for transmitting data between two devices. The protocol determines the following: * the type of error checking to be used * data compression method, if any * how the sending device will indicate that it has finished sending a message * how the receiving device will indicate that it has received a message Service is a program, routine, or process that performs a specific system function to support other programs, particularly at a low (close to the hardware) level

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1. Protocol layering is a common technique to simplify networking designs by dividing them into functional layers, and assigning protocols to perform each layer's task.

For example, it is common to separate the functions of data delivery and connection management into separate layers, and therefore separate protocols. Thus, one protocol is designed to perform data delivery, and another protocol, layered above the first, performs connection management. The data delivery protocol is fairly simple and knows nothing of connection management. The connection management protocol is also fairly simple, since it doesn't need to concern itself with data delivery.

2. Protocol layering produces simple protocols, each with a few well defined tasks. These protocols can then be assembled into a useful whole. Individual protocols can also be removed or replaced as needed for particular applications.

The most important layered protocol designs are the Internets original DoD model, and the OSI Seven Layer Model. The modern Internet represents a fusion of both models.

1. Protocol layering is a common technique to simplify networking designs by dividing them into functional layers, and assigning protocols to perform each layer's task.

For example, it is common to separate the functions of data delivery and connection management into separate layers, and therefore separate protocols. Thus, one protocol is designed to perform data delivery, and another protocol, layered above the first, performs connection management. The data delivery protocol is fairly simple and knows nothing of connection management. The connection management protocol is also fairly simple, since it doesn't need to concern itself with data delivery.

2. Protocol layering produces simple protocols, each with a few well defined tasks. These protocols can then be assembled into a useful whole. Individual protocols can also be removed or replaced as needed for particular applications.

The most important layered protocol designs are the Internets original DoD model, and the OSI Seven Layer Model. The modern Internet represents a fusion of both models.

Dynamic ARP table entries are created whne a client makes an ARP request that cannot be satisfied by data already in the ARP table.

Ports 135 and ports 137 tell an attacker that the user has a Windows OS system. These ports are used by hackers.

Punch cards are a very old way of programming a computer. The punch card would have long rows of numbers, representing certain instructions. You would punch a hole through the number corresponding to the instruction you wanted to execute. You would then feed the card into the computer, and it would run the program.

NIC - Network Interface card (sometimes also called a network adaptor card).

LAN is wired WLAN is wireless

Optical fibers transmit signals over long distances by a process called total internal reflection. In this process, optical fibers bend light by bouncing pulses of light along their inner walls, which enables the pulses of light to travel quickly over long distances.

For more information, refer to the related link below.

lamda /2

The maximum transmission speed for fiber optic is about 186000 miles per second. Wires are a bit slower because of transmission line effects

It depends on the type of interference, but most shielded cables are used in a copper cable setup. You could also use fiber optic cable if concerned about electrical devices but it might prove too expensive.

Routing protocol is used to dynamically learn routing information so routers know where to send packets. The only other option is to manually define all routers within a network which would be very impractical.

The Internet is a WAN. It "INTERconnects NETworks" over the widest area possible, the Earth.

A: Actually it begins to conduct almost as soon as there available current. but the current is such a low value that it is considered not to be conducting at all. And the 0.7 volts drop is a chosen value to indicate that the diode is fully conducting and the voltage drop across is .7 volts there about. It can have any value lower then that and it all depends on the current flowing at the time.