Original jurisdiction
It really depends what kind of courts you are talking about and where the courts are. If the courts are federal, then a district court is a trial court and a circuit court is an appeals court, which may review a trial decision from a district court. For state courts, the difference between a district court and a circuit court will depend on what state the courts are in. Many states have courts called "district court" and "circuit court," but what kinds of cases these courts handle differs state to state.
The State Supreme Court
Federal trial courts are the United States District Courts.
district courts
District Court
It really depends what kind of courts you are talking about and where the courts are. If the courts are federal, then a district court is a trial court and a circuit court is an appeals court, which may review a trial decision from a district court. For state courts, the difference between a district court and a circuit court will depend on what state the courts are in. Many states have courts called "district court" and "circuit court," but what kinds of cases these courts handle differs state to state.
Technically no, because all states have autonomous jurisdiction. A US District Court decision is persuasive authority over a state court. A US District Court is a federal court, not a state court. A state supreme court decision however, is binding authority on a state appeals court level, and a trial court decision in that state would still be persuasive because its from a lower court. The decision from the Virginia Court of Appeals, however, becomes a binding authority over the state court.
Arizona is in the District of Arizona. The trial court is the US District Court for the District of Arizona, which sits in Phoenix, Tucson, Flagstaff, Yuma and Prescott. Arizona is under the jurisdiction of the US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
It is the trial court. They have various names, depending on where you are. They are typically called Superior Court or District Court, and in New York, Supreme Court.
Yes, the District of Columbia has a court system that includes the District of Columbia Court of Appeals, which serves as its highest court. Additionally, the Superior Court of the District of Columbia handles local trial court matters. However, the term "circuit court" is typically associated with state court systems, and D.C. does not have a circuit court in that sense. Instead, its court structure is unique to the federal district.
It generally refers to the areas in which a specific court has jurisdiction, sometimes pertaining to geographical (territorial) location and/or legal jurisdiction. The jurisdiction of every court is determined by the statute or constitution that created the court. Jurisdiction can be federal or state or a choice between the two, depending upon the legal issues involved.
The strict term "standard of review" is related to appellate court matters rather than for courts of original jurisdiction like a federal district court or state trial court. Appellate courts exercise different standards of review of trial court decisions depending on whether they are reviewing findings of fact, determinations of law or trial court decisions of procedure.