You can find the structure of protein using CD spectroscopy. you can measure the concentration of biomolecules using UV-Vis spectrophotometer.If you have a specific problem, I may suggest which spectroscopy is suitable for you
In biochemistry, the major use of spectrophotometry is in following reaction rates. In chemistry, it is used mainly in identifying the chemical bonds within a compound to establish its purity.
Nucleotide spectra are complicated to analyze quantitatively because there are many non-bonded electrons. Expect several different p --> p* and n --> p* transitions at each region between 200 nm and 300 nm # All nucleotides have lmax near 260 nm which is not affected by sugar phos. configuration ==> can measure nucleic acids at 260 nm to estimate concentration. e260 =~ 1 x 104 M-1 ===> very sensitive and can measure concentrations down to approx. 3 µg/ml # Hyperchromism -- A260 is lower for dsDNA than for ssDNA or for individual nucleotides. Results from stacking of bases in the double helical conformation; quantitative explanation is very complicated. (see Figure above)
TheAmes testis a test that is used to determine whether a substance will affect (mutate) the structure of DNA. In this test salmonella bacteria is exposed to the chemical under question (food additives, for example), and changes in the way the bacteria grows are measured. Many substances that cause mutations in these bacteria also cause cancer in animals and humans. Indeed, this test is used today to screen chemicals for their potential ability to cause cancer in humans.
[edit]Pregnancy Testing
There are two types ofpregnancy tests– one uses a urine sample and the other a blood sample. Both detect the presence of the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). This hormone is produced by the placenta shortly after implantation of the embryo into the uterine walls and accumulates.
[edit]Breast cancer Screening
Main article:Breast cancer screening
Most breast cancer is not hereditary, but in 5-10 percent of cases, there is a heredity linkage. The vast majority of these cases is due to mutations in two genes: Breast Cancer-1 gene (BRCA1) and the Breast Cancer-2 gene (BRCA2), which were discovered in 1994 and 1995, respectively. Females who inherit a mutation in either one of these genes have a greatly increased chance of developing breast cancer over their lifetime. Positive tests for these mutations allow the individual to schedule increased screening tests at a more frequent rate than the general population.
[edit]Prenatal Genetic Testing
Main article:Prenatal diagnosis
Prenatalgenetic testingrefers to testing the fetus for potential genetic defects. Tests commonly are performed on blood or tissue samples from the fetus. This may involve amniocentesis – collection of a sample of amniotic fluid that contains cells from the fetus—or collection of blood from the umbilical cord. Tests such as these are used to detect chromosomal abnormalities such as Down syndrome or birth defects such as spina bifida.
[edit]PKU Screening
Main article:Phenylketonuria#Screening and presentation
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a metabolic disorder in which the individual is missing an enzyme called phenylalanine hydroxylase. Absence of this enzyme allows the buildup of phenylalanine, which can lead to mental retardation.
[edit]Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineeringinvolves taking a gene from one organism and placing it into another. The recipient may be bacteria or a plant or an animal. One of the most well-known examples of genetic engineering involves the hormone insulin. Diabetes used to be treated with insulin derived from pigs or cows, and although very similar to human insulin, these animal-derived insulin’s were not identical and caused problems for some individuals. Biochemists solved this problem by inserting the gene for human insulin into bacteria. The bacteria, through the process of translation, created human insulin.
[edit]Cloning
Main article:Cloning
In 1996, Dolly the sheep was cloned—the first mammal ever cloned from adult animal cells. The cloned sheep was, of course, genetically identical to the original adult sheep. This clone was created by taking cells from the udder of a 6-year-old ewe and growing them in the lab. They then took unfertilized eggs and stripped the genetic material from them. Finally, they inserted the genetic material grown in the lab into these cells and implanted them into the uterus of another sheep. And Dolly was born. Since Dolly, many other animals have been successfully cloned. However, there is worldwide debate on the idea of cloning a human, which will surely continue for decades.
[edit]Gene Replacement Therapy
Main article:Gene therapy
In gene-replacement therapy, a modified or healthy gene is inserted into the organism to replace a disease-causing gene. Commonly a virus that has been altered to carry human DNA is used to deliver the healthy gene to the targeted cells of the patient. This process was first used successfully in 1990 on a 4-year old patient who lacked an immune system due to a rare genetic disease called severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). Individuals with SCID were prone to life-threatening infections. They lead isolated lives, avoiding people and commonly taking massive doses of antibiotics. Scientists removed white blood cells from the patient, grew them in the lab, and inserted the missing gene into the cells. They then inserted this genetically altered blood back into the patient. The process allowed the child to develop normally and even attend school, but the treatment must be repeated every few months.
That's a very broad question. A spectrophotometer is normally used to determine the concentration of a "colored" (for some value of "colored" which may include infrared or ultraviolet "colors") species in solution.
no,it is reflection spectroscopy
Mass spectrometry, UV/Vis spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy CNMR spectroscopy, Infra red spectroscopy
Several variations of Raman spectroscopy have been developed.· Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS)· Resonance Raman spectroscopy· Surface-Enhanced Resonance Raman Spectroscopy (SERRS)· Angle Resolved Raman Spectroscopy· Hyper Raman· Spontaneous Raman Spectroscopy (SRS)· Optical Tweezers Raman Spectroscopy (OTRS)· Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy· Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy (SORS)· Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS)· Raman optical activity (ROA)· Transmission Raman· Inverse Raman spectroscopy.· Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (TERS)· Surface plasmon polaritons enhanced Raman scattering (SPPERS)
Raman spectroscopy is the vibrational spectroscopy. The ancient days the scientist use sunlight as a source for getting spectrum.but the modern world, the scientist use high energy laser for characterisation.so, it is called laser raman spectroscopy.
Spectral interference is more common in atomic emission spectroscopy due to overlapping spectral lines.
Russell H Barnes has written: 'Laser spectroscopy for continuous combustion applications' -- subject(s): Raman spectroscopy, Fluorescence spectroscopy, Laser spectroscopy
Stanley Knoel Freeman has written: 'Applications of raman spectroscopy' -- subject(s): Raman spectroscopy, Lasers
Infrared spectroscopy applications include pharmaceutical, food quality control, elite sports training, and neonatal research. More information can be found on infrared spectroscopy on its wikipedia page.
Mainly it is used for soil analysis and water analysis.
analysis of the transition metals and highly conjugated organic compounds
There are numerous applications for laser diffraction. Their key applications include using them as part of a particle sizing technique, and using them in laser diffraction spectroscopy.
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Herbert A. Elion has written: 'Laser systems and applications' 'Emittance and reflectance spectroscopy' -- subject(s): Emission spectroscopy, Reflectance spectroscopy 'Optoelectronic switching systems in telecommunications and computers' -- subject(s): Optoelectronic devices, Switching systems, Telecommunication
B. G. Osborne has written: 'Practical NIR spectroscopy with applications in food and beverage analysis' -- subject(s): Analysis, Beverages, Food, Near infrared spectroscopy
John R. Dyer has written: 'Applications of absorption spectroscopy of organic compounds'
no,it is reflection spectroscopy
Bahaa E. A. Saleh has written: 'Photoelectron statistics, with applications to spectroscopy and optical communications' -- subject(s): Statistical methods, Light beating spectroscopy, Photoelectrons, Optical communications, Stochastic processes