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Are derivative transactions designed to increase risk and are used almost exclusively by speculators who are looking to capture high returns?
Wiki User
∙ 9y ago
Derivatives are often used in hedge funds. The losses on the holdings could possibly be offset by the profits from the derivative. They can also be used to make high returns quickly.
Wiki User
∙ 9y ago
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What do capital controls prevent?
Capital controls prevent hasty movements of money into and out of a country's economic system.
What is identity insurance?
It's insurance designed to protect you against loss should someone appropriate your identity and use it to make unauthorized transactions.
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Banking services for large corporations or firms. This type of banking is designed to deal with major financial transactions that do not generally a definition of financing it is (often unsecured), cash management, and other banking services custom-tailored for large firms. Usually the definition of the business of banking for the purposes of corporate banking, directed at large business entities; private banking
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wo outcomes is classification designed to produce are CONTROL & PLANING
What is RTGS payment?
What is RTGS?RTGS stands for Real Time Gross Settlement. RTGS is the fastest money transferringmechanism between the banks. In RTGS, the transactions are processed and settledin "Real time" and on "Gross" bases. Once the transaction is settled, it is irreversible."Real time" means as and when the transaction is processed. There is no waitingtime."Gross" means the transaction is settled individually without being clubbed withother transactions.Net Settlement Mechanism:A well known alternative settlement mechanism is Net Settlement. In Net settlementmechanism, the transactions are received and processed as and when it arrives.However settlement happens in a batch process, typically at the end of the day. Thebatch contains list of transactions that are net amount to be transacted betweenbanks. In some countries the batch may be submitted more than once in a day.Goals of RTGSThe goals of RTGS are1. To reduce settlement risk due to settlement lag2. To reduce credit risk3. Speed up the process of high value payments4. To give accurate position of the participating bankRTGS & Core Banking SystemThe RTGS does not require the participating banks to have core banking system inplace. The core banking system of banks is used to record transactions of itscustomers in the banks books whereas the RTGS transactions happen forparticipating banks in the books of Central Bank.The participating banks can access RTGS system through the means provided by thecentral bank. The common interfaces provided for RTGS system are ParticipantInterface (PI) or Web Interface (WI).Participant InterfaceThe Participant Interface is thin application that is installed in the commercial banks.The user can enter transactions in PI which submits it to the RTGS system in centralbank through communication network. All error messages and notifications includingthe settlement notification will be received by PI.Web InterfaceWith the advent of technology the latest RTGS implementations are normallyprovided with the Web Interface. The WI is user friendly and there is no need toinstall any separate software. Web browsers like Internet Explorer and Firefox can beused to submit transactions to the RTGS system. All error messages and notificationsincluding the settlement notification will be received by WI.Straight Through Processing (STP)If the participating bank has core banking system then it can be interfaced with theRTGS through connecting mechanism called Straight Through Processing (STP). STPis defined as that the payment transactions are keyed in only once and processeduntil settlement. For an STP, payment transactions can come from core bankingsystem, trading system or any other system. The transaction request message willbe automatically routed to RTGS system and the response received from RTGS willbe processed and sent to the appropriate system that raised the transaction request.STP is very useful when there are many RTGS transactions to be submitted andmanual entry of each transaction is difficult.SecurityThe transactions that are submitted to RTGS are safe, secure and reliable. TheCentral Bank takes due diligence in the matter of security of RTGS system andaddress all the issues like authenticity, duplication and non-repudiation. It does notmatter what type of interface participant banks use to submit transaction to RTGS,the security is always ensured.LiquidityIn the Net settlement system the participating banks are to pay only the netdifference of debit and credit where as in RTGS each transaction is effectedindividually. Because of this nature RTGS demands more liquidity to be available with the participating banks.For example, say Yes-Bank is to pay No-Bank amount of 100,000 SDG and No-Bank is to pay Yes-Bank amount of 75,000 SDG. In Net Settlement System, the two transactions would be netted and one transaction from Yes-Bank to No-Bank for the amount of 25,000 SDG would be effected. Hence the total liquidity in the system needed for settling these two transactions is 25,000 SDG. On accounting entry perspective, there will be one debit and one credit entry for the amount of 25,000 SDG.In RTGS, the mentioned two transactions would be settled as individual transactions, so two transactions, one for 100,000 SDG and another for 75,000 SDG will be effected. Hence the total liquidity in the system needed is 175,000 SDG. Though RTGS system has many advantages, the high liquidity need is a drawback of it. This is mainly due to the asynchronous nature of the payments. However, Central Banks provide additional liquidity needed by RTGS to the commercial banks. Also this additional liquidity is inbuilt in the RTGS system and takes place automatically when a commercial bank is in need of liquidity. The following are the facility by which liquidity problem is sorted out.Intraday RepoThe repo transaction is selling of security from one bank to another bank or central bank with the agreement to repurchase it later. Incase the repurchase cannot be done as per the agreement; the sale can become a permanent trade. This is the liquidity mechanism to be used in the Sudan's RTGS system.Settlement QueuesThere are queuing mechanisms available in RTGS. In this mechanism, the transactions that cannot be settled due to lack of funds will be kept and retried later when the funds arrive. By this mechanism, the rejection of transactions due to lack of funds will be avoided.Gridlock MechanismWhen there are multiple transactions to be settled and each transactions wait foranother transaction to settle, the situation is called gridlock. In gridlock situation no transaction settles and waits indefinitely for other transaction to settle. RTGS has gridlock solving algorithms which will consolidate those transactions and settle it as a group. The gridlock program can be scheduled to run automatically or my by manual trigger.Transaction ValueUnlike Net settlement system which generally process transactions of any amount,RTGS only works the high value transactions. Numerous studies have shown that fewnumber of transactions accounts for high value of transaction settled per day. Forexample, say 100 transactions have the total value of 1M SDG, where as 900transactions amounts for only 0.5M SDG. RTGS system is designed mainly to focuson the 100 high value transactions.RTGS will replace any high value clearing systems that are in practice. However, itwill not replace Net Settlement System because Net Settlement System is stillneeded to process the high number of low value transactions. After theimplementation of RTGS, Net Settlement System will be able to submit more thanone batch per day.
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What is identity insurance?
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