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Are gas containing organ injuries attributed to thermal effect?
Wiki User
∙ 11y ago
Primary blast effect
Wiki User
∙ 11y ago
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How does processing and manufacturing chemicals effect your earth?
normally
What is absorber tube?
Design of Solar energy collectors with the object of capturing in a fluid, the thermal energy component of solar energy, such that the fluid serves as a transport-carrier of the energy for use in application-specific purposes can be particularly significant in that it can be readily deployed in numerous applications. In particular, the design of a collector based on known and off-the-shelf items therefore should have immediate impact and should be a viable task. In this context then a synopsized specification for a Solar Thermal Energy Collector at a minimum should consist of a solar thermal energy absorber made of borosilicate glass tubes design-integrated into a monolith device within a Solar energy concentrator and should include the use of air, water or glycol as the heat absorber or carrier, which flows through the integrated absorber tubes. The fluid flows through the tubes at some predefined rate set in a controller that pumps it as the temperature is attained. The selection of the borosilicate tubes stems from the properties of this type of glass: The emissivity of the material is very low and therefore the heat absorbed will not be re-irradiated away, The thermal stability of the glass is very high and as such it does not suffer thermal shock due to high temperatures, The linear expansion of the glass is also very low hence accommodation of thermal expansion is not quite critical. The Solar Thermal Energy Absorber essentially defines the overall configuration dimensions of the collector even if iteratively and starts off the design: First, the length of the absorber tubes is evaluated, and then specified, by heat transfer analysis that determines the exit temperature of the fluid as a function of the length together with the other flow characteristics, based on the insolation of the geographical region of the intended-deployment of the collector. This evaluation must accommodate for the quantity of heat absorbed by the complementary Solar Energy Concentrator, as perfect thermal reflectivity may not be attainable under practical operating conditions. Moreover, because the overall efficiency of heat transfer into the fluid may be impacted by the absorber configuration, the length may be subjected to some adjustments based on judicious engineering judgment call. Of significant note however, is that the performance of the tube with respect to the amount of the radiant thermal energy that gets transmitted through the wall into the fluid depends on the material from which the tube is manufactured, hence the glass of which properties were used in the calculation must be used in the design. Based the length the rest of the absorber design then takes off: The absorber tube manufactured as a double-walled tube with vacuumed annular in-between glass space, and sealed at both ends. The annular space vacuum is further maintained with getters of such quantity determined to operate the solar collector for a design-specified length of time. The vacuum ensures that the radiant thermal energy passes through the double-wall of the tubes but the heat that obtains from the absorption of the radiant thermal energy is neither convected or conducted out of the absorber. In particular the borosilicate tubes are bundle-designed into a form a circular row embedded into a structure that allows for the fluids to flow into the tubes from the bottom through and out at the top. Further, the configuration is such that the absorber is provided with a mount enabled with a flange, and of a length that allows the positioning of the absorber tubes within the concentrator it would be assembled into The Solar Thermal Energy Concentrator for this collector-design consideration, is of the hemispherical concentrator-design that concentrates the energy over an axial linear region. In particular, the length of the linear region is of the same length of the absorber tubes available for thermal energy absorption. Moreover, the solar energy reflector should also be a thermal mirror, such that solar thermal energy component is reflected primarily. In effect, the efficiency of the mirror is based on its reflectivity of the thermal energy component instead of the optical energy component because the thermal mirror is used with very little regard for the optical component: Whether the choice is made to absorb the optical component, as well by the absorber, or not is entire optional. Based on the reflectivity of the mirror, the support base is designed to enable the removal of heat absorbed by the mirror, such that the performance of the mirror is restricted to a very narrow range of temperature variation, in order to support precision of performance. The heat removal design, however, if required may be designed to use as coolant the same fluid as intended for use in the absorber, both for efficiency and for the simplification of operation needs. Further, the depth of the concentrator is by design evaluated as to prevent any form of interference from occurring as the incidence radiation travel path intersect reflected radiation travel path. Affixed to the support base of the mirror layer is a mount-contraption for mounting the absorber. Design integration of Concentrator and Absorber entails several tasks. The first of the tasks is to have the bundled integrated absorber affixed along the axis of the hemispherical axial-linear concentrator. The base flanges are affixed to the absorber support mount of the concentrator support base structure. Of course, the support mount is constructed such that the absorber evacuated tube sections of the absorber situates within the range of the linear focus of the concentrator such that the solar thermal energy as concentrated falls right on the integrated absorber tubes. The fluid inlet of the absorber is interfaced and connected to the outlets of the concentrator cooling fluids in the case of the operation in which the same type and form of fluid is being used for both the mirror cooling and the thermal heat absorption in the absorber. In the case where different fluids are to be used then the outlets of the concentrator coolants are connected to the recirculation lines for conditioning and recirculation, while the absorber inlet line is connected to the corresponding recirculation line. In both cases the absorber fluid outlet is connected to the corresponding feed line of the recirculation line. Under proper connection, the fluid should flow into the absorber through the inlet and out through the outlet, and be available for the application-specification use and then be fed into the absorber in continuous circulating flow. The modularity of the design supports scalability, allowing for the integration of several collector modules to provide scaled heat supply needs, as in industries. Further, although use-specific form of the absorber has been used in this concept-driven design, use of evacuated thermal tubes with heat-pipes can be just as effective, though the specifics of the configuration of the integrated-bundling of the heat-pipe absorber will depend on the particular type of heat pipe used in the absorber module. An application of this technology of note is the use of the technology for application at homes. Solar Energy is noted as a good source of energy for priming theportable bioenergy technologies for homes. The use of pure water or glycol enables the adoption of the technology in just about every house backyard with too much intrusion. Hence, the collector is effective for the use in homes by home owners towards different objectives. Obvious the collector of the configuration as proffered based on readily available off-the-shelf products can be effective in addressing energy adoption issues of interest.
What is equilibrium conversion how does it effect design of reactor?
equilibrium conversion is that which is at equilibrium concentration
What is process pipework?
it is any type of piping that carries fluids or gases to effect processes on machinery or equipment
What is calcium carbonate scale and calcium sulphate scale in desalination plant?
Scale formation represents a major operational problem encountered in thermal desalination plants. Scale may form because of the composition of the make-up, but mostly develops as a result of further change occurring during evaporation. Scale formation is mainly caused by crystallization of alkaline scales, e.g., CaCO3 and Mg(OH)2 and non-alkaline scale, e.g., CaSO4. The formation of CaCO3 scale strongly depends on temperature, pH, and the release rate of CO2 as well as on the concentrations of HCO3-, CO32-, Ca2+, and Mg2+ ions. Scaling in industrial processes is affected by the following factors: (i) bulk variables and composition, i.e. CaCO3 precipitation potential, pH buffering capacity, chloride and sulfate concentrations and concentration of dissolved oxygen, (ii) thermal effect, i.e. heat flux, surface temperature and bulk temperature, (iii) flow field, i.e. velocity of flow and solid/liquid interface conditions and (iv) substrate properties, i.e. materials properties and surface conditions.In previous works, Al-Rawajfeh et al. [1-3] have modeled the CO2 release rates in multiple-effect distillers (MED)distillers. This model did not account for the deposition of alkaline scale and its effect on CO2 release rates. Calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide were assumed to precipitate at negligible rates. Recently, Al-Rawajfeh [4,5] developed a model to simulate the simultaneous release of CO2 with the deposition of CaCO3 and investigated their mutual release-deposition relationship in MED [4] and in the flash chambers in MSF distillers [5]. The influence of CO2 injection on the carbonate chemistry and the scale formation were also studied [6]. The model begin to calculate the CaCO3-Mg(OH)2 (alkaline) scale in the brine chambers, because part of the scale is deposited there and will be reduced from the total scale precipitate or reduce the ions available to precipitate CaSO4 scale inside the tubes when it is recycled with the make-up. Details on the CO2 release and alkaline scale modeling can be found in previous works [1-6].REFERENCES[1] Al-Rawajfeh, A. E., Glade, H., Ulrich, J., CO2 release in multiple-effect distillers Controlled by mass transfer with chemical reaction. Desalination, vol. 156, PP. 109-123, 2003.[2] Al-Rawajfeh, A. E., Glade, H., Qiblawey, H. M., Ulrich, J., Simulation of CO2 release in multiple-effect distillers. Desalination, vol. 166, PP. 41-52, 2004.[3] Al-Rawajfeh, A. E., Glade, H., Ulrich, J., Scaling in multiple-effect distillers: the role of CO2 release. Desalination, vol. 182, PP. 209-219, 2005.[4] Al-Rawajfeh, A.E., Modelling of Alkaline Scale Formation in Falling-Film Horizontal-Tubes Multiple-Effect Distillers. Desalination, vol. 205, PP. 124-139, 2007.[5] Al-Rawajfeh, A.E., Simultaneous desorption-crystallization of CO2- CaCO3 in multistage flash (MSF) distillers. Chem. Eng. Proc., Proc. Inten., vol. 47, PP. 2262-2269, 2008.[6] Al-Rawajfeh, A.E., Al-Amaireh, M. N., The influence of CO2 injection on the carbonate chemistry and scaling in multiple-effect distillers. Desalination & Water Treat., vol. 7, PP. 191-197, 2009.
Gas-containing organs are usually attributed to what majority of injuries?
Primary blast effect
What kind of blast effect causes the majority of the injuries to gas containing organs?
Primary blast effect
What is consistent with a thermal effect?
Superficial burn
How can material with high or low coiefficient of thermal expansion effect design of roof gutter?
How can material with high or low coiefficient of thermal expansion effect design of roof gutter?" How can material with high or low coiefficient of thermal expansion effect design of roof gutter?"
How are thermal energy and temperature related how are they different?
Thermal energy ie heat is the CAUSE and temperature is the EFFECT.
A thermal electric cooler uses the?
Peltier Effect
What is penetrating trauma caused by shrapnel is usually attributed to?
Secondary blast effect
Did the absence of the catalyst and effect on the outcome of the thermal decomposition of potassium chloride?
Potassium chloride is stable to thermal degradation.
What is the excessive heating of a body of water called?
The excessive heating of a body of water is called thermal pollution. Thermal pollution is similar to the greenhouse effect.
Way difference between temperature and thermal energy and How are they related?
Thermal energy ie heat is the CAUSE and temperature is the EFFECT.
Why does water drain anticlockwise?
It is attributed to the earth's rotation and is called the the Coriolis effect.
Penetrating trauma caused by shrapnel usually attributed to what?
Secondary blast effect
