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Red giants.
Correct. M-type stars on the main sequence are called red dwarfs.
A red giant [See related question] is the final part in a stars main sequence [See related question] life. It is old but not very dense nor cool but certainly cooler than when it was a main sequence star.
Red giant stars emit less light per square meter of surface area than smaller, hotter stars, but their larger size means they have a larger surface area from which to emit light, so they emit more light overall.
Large cool stars that are not in the main sequence are known as "red giants" or "red supergiants." These stars have exhausted the hydrogen fuel in their cores, causing their inner regions to contract while the outer layers expand. As a result, they become larger and cooler than when they were on the main sequence. Red giants are typically found in the later stages of stellar evolution, after they have exhausted their core hydrogen and started fusing helium in a shell around the core. They are often reddish in colordue to their lower surface temperature compared to main sequence stars. Red supergiants are even more massive and larger than red giants, representing the final stages of the life cycle of massive stars before they undergo supernova explosions or other dramatic events.
the ones in the sky
Red giants.
None of them are cool and dim; the one in the white/black dwarfs are cool and dim.
To be bright you need to be hot, close or have a large surface area. The brightest coolest stars are red super giants. They have such a large surface area, that even though their surface temperature is cool - in star terms - their large surface area makes them appear bright.
Correct. M-type stars on the main sequence are called red dwarfs.
Hot stars are found in the left hand side of the diagram, cool stars the right, bright stars at the top, and lastly the faint stars are located at the bottom.
No. All stars are hot. For stars on the main sequence, the largest it is, the hotter it is. When a star leaves the main sequence to become a giant or supergiant it will cool down, but will remain hot enough to glow brightly.
top,right
A red dwarf star. See related question.
The seven types of main sequence stars in the universe are O (blue and hot), B (white-blue and hot), A (white and hot), F (yellow-white and medium), G (yellow and medium), K (orange and cool), and M (red and cool).
The HR diagram has the star's temperature along the horizontal axis and the absolute magnitude (brightness) along the vertical axis. Each star is represented by a single dot. Higher temperature is usually associated with more brightness so many stars lie on or near a line on the diagram called the Main Sequence. Red giant stars are found on the upper right hand quarter because they are relatively cool but still very bright.
The red giants like Betelgeuse and Antares are bright and - relatively - cool.