Yes they are.
The core of health insurance reform is mandatory coverage. The President and Congress already meet this requirement.
No, this is another internet myth. The reason they don't have "ObamaCare" has nothing to do with being exempt. The reality is they don't need it, because for many years, long before President Obama came to office, congress already had its own healthcare package. Thus, members of congress simply kept the plan they already had. It should also be noted that the congressional plan is not "free"-- there are premiums, and every member must pay for certain services. I enclose a link to a Politifact piece that debunks the claim about congress being "exempt."
The president and all members of congress were paid during the shutdown, but their staff members were not. The military was exempt, since the president had signed an act that made sure the troops would continue to get paid.
Congress is not exempt from the laws they pass. Laws passed by the federal government apply to all citizens of the United States, even the people who make them.
court and congress
It's not that they are exempt-- they already have a health insurance plan, as do presidents, supreme court judges, and other government employees. They are covered by the "Federal Employees Health Benefits Program." What you are asking about is similar to this situation: if your employer already covers you at work, you won't need to change that under the new health law. Federal employees are already covered, so they don't need any new plan.
no
Yes they are. Muslims are not exempt from the provisions of health insurance reform: see http://www.snopes.com/politics/medical/exemptions.asp.
Yes they are.
Congress decided that charities, as well as political parties, should be exempt. They were concerned that the limitation would reduce their ability to raise funds.
Nowhere was exempt, but it came out of the halls of Congress and spread from there.
President of India's salary (as in case of Prime minister) is totally exempt from Income Tax.