Generally no. Each state sets their own rules for these limited jurisdiction courts, and they are normally a fairly informal and fast process. As far as I know, each state only allows them to hold bench trials, but there may be an exception.
yes there is
US District Courts.
Traditionally the first and last levels (district and supreme court) used juries; however the practice of juries in the current Supreme Court as well as the US Court of Claims is no longer in use. As a general way to say this, any appellate court does not use juries.
District Courts, below that is Small Claims Courts, above that is the Courts of Appeals. Two steps higher is the Supreme Court.
US District Courts (trial courts) use juries as triers of fact. The Sixth Amendment guarantees the right to a trial by jury in criminal cases; however, the defendant also has the option of requesting a bench trial where the judge takes the place of the jury.Appellate courts, such as the US Courts of Appeals Circuit Courts and the US Supreme Court, do not use juries because they are not triers of fact. Appellate courts only review cases to determine whether trials were conducted according to law and constitutional protections, in an attempt to ensure the party or parties in the case received a fair hearing.
3
Yes, US District Courts use juries to hear many cases. The Sixth Amendment provides a criminal defendant has the right to a public trial by jury; the Supreme Court limited that right to defendants who face the possibility of six months or more incarceration. Juries are also used in certain federal civil cases.
Small claims court is a court where laypersons can sue without the need to hire an attorney. In fact, no lawyers are allowed in small claims court unless they are being sued. The process is very informal, inexpensive, and quick. Small claims courts are for the recovery of money only--small claims courts cannot order another party to do something or provide any other relief. Small claims courts have jurisdictional limits (the max you can sue for) ranging from $2,500-$7,000+ depending on your state, so check with your local court for details. *Note: Only a few states bar attorneys from small claims courts. Many allow and encourage litigants to consult with or hire counsel.
A court has "special" or "Limited" jurisdiction if its jurisdiction is limited to hearing only a certain kind of case. Such courts are the US Court of Federal Claims (which hears only certain types of cases of monetary claims against the United States) and the US Bankruptcy Court (which hears only bankruptcy matters). At the state level, examples are small claims and municipal courts.
The Judicial branch is made up of the Supreme Court, the US Courts of Appeal, the US District Courts and other courts of limited or special jurisdiction such as the Bankruptcy Court, the Court of Federal Claims and other courts.
US Special Courts or courts of special jurisdiction hear a variety of cases, each related to a particular subject matter. For example, US Bankruptcy Courts hear bankruptcy cases; US Tax Court hears federal tax cases; the US Court of Federal Claims hears cases involving monetary damages against the US government; the US Court of Appeals for Veteran's Claims hears appeals of decisions made by the Board of Veteran's Appeals, and so on. Military courts are also considered special courts.
In a highly litigious culture like in the US they serve their purpose, they take some pressure of the courts. It would be absurd have a courthouse judge for every single low stake (under 5.000$) civil matter.
Judges on US Special Courts serve 15-year renewable terms. Examples of Special Courts include US Bankruptcy Courts, US Tax Court, and the US Court of Federal Claims. Judges serving on District Courts in US Territories (American Samoa, Guam, etc.) are also appointed to 15-year terms.