Lamarck's theory cannot be true since characteristics of an organism are determined by its DNA and also over time how this is expressed through the epigenetic code.
This theory is wrong.
Lamarck's theory and the subsequent adaptations of it are quite complex and do not lend themselves to simplistic arguments. A scientist committed to Darwin's Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection might well say that Lamarck's theory is untenable, but he would probably be wrong.
It was long thought that traits could not be acquired and passed on to immediate descendants. The consensus was that over a very long period of time, mutations create an increase in randomness in the population. When faced with challenges to its existence, those members of the population with just the right mutations had a greater chance of survival and gradually became dominant, while other members gradually died out, with a consequent reduction in genetic randomness. That is one of the essences of Darwin's theory of natural selection and there is little scientific dispute about this mechanism.
Lamarck's theory involves an individual developing a trait as part of its own survival adaptation, then passing it on to its own descendants. Research continues, but there is some genetic evidence that this may be true.
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Since it was still a theory, there are still no comcrete facts that it is true.
Lamark believed that behaviors learned by parents could become inheritable traits.
Larmark's theory was based on the idea that organisms inherited characteristics that they had acquired in life - so, if you have a scar your offspring will have scars. Darwin's theory assumed that offspring inherited characteristics from their parents, but they were more likely to survive to breed if there was advantage to those characteristics.
Yes. If evolution was not widely supported by evidence, then it would be regarded as a hypothesis rather than a theory.
In Darwin's theory, natural selection plays the key role. Organisms vary through random mutations--slight changes from their parents. The environment determines which are most likely to survive. In Lamarck's theory, changes in phenotype are inherited. This is now known to be (largely) incorrect.
Yes. If evolution was not widely supported by evidence, then it would be regarded as a hypothesis rather than a theory.
Darwin's theory of evolution is very well supported by scientific evidence. It has been accepted as true, by most biologists. Some controversy does remain, however, on religious grounds. Whether you choose to accept this theory is up to you.
When the evolutionary theory was first proposed, people didn't believe it. Often, religion and evolution contradict themselves and even today, there are many people who favor creationism over evolution.
We don't use the word "true" to describe scientific theories. They either fit the facts or they do not. Darwin's theory of evolution fits most of the observed facts, and does so beautifully. A theory is useful if it makes successful predictions. Darwin's theory has absolutely zero to do with belief in God. The Catholic Church does not hate God, yet endorses the view that evolution has occurred in much the way Charles Darwin described. Is there a scientific theory that better explains the evidence from paleontology, geology, anatomy, and molecular biology? No. Therefore, we provisionally accept the theory of evolution as an accurate depiction of the origin of species. Again, this has nothing to do with whether or not God exists and/or loves you. Evolution is wrong. God is true.
Theory of evolution refers to animals and plants evolution along the time. Language evolution is another issue, not entirely related to the theory of evolution. It follows the theory of evolution on some way but it is related to culture evolution, not to the physical attributes evolution.
No scientific theory ever challenged the theory of evolution.