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Under the age of 17, you may ONLY carry members of your immediate family (siblings, parents) unless accompanied by a licensed driver 21 or older. No other passengers.
yes they can
Yourself, your passengers, and other road users
Only if the instructing licensed driver is also in the car at the same time.
The laws are the same but there are additional restrictions that apply to learners such as supervision, which roads they use, carriage of passengers etc.
yes
A driver that's on a learner's permit (In the state of Indiana) cannot have other passengers in the car other than a licensed driver (any state) that is at least 25 years of age or a parent/guardian at least 21 years of age. No other passengers are allowed in the vehicle. So for instance if I was on a learners permit the only other person I could have in the car would be my Mom/Dad, my brother wouldn't be allowed in the car with me.
It may vary from state to state. In Oregon you may drive an immediate member of you family under age 20 for the first 6 months, but not someone under 20 outside your family, that included siblings.
During the first 12 months after you are licensed, you cannot drive between 11 p.m. and 5 a.m. and you cannot transport passengers under 20 years of age, unless you are accompanied by a licensed parent or guardian, a licensed driver 25 years of age or older, or a licensed or certified driving instructor. All the details are in the driver's handbook (related link).
Only if you also have a licensed driver with you [ and of course , kid in a safety seat ].
If by "DD" you mean "designated driver" yes. Any fully licensed driver can be a 'designated driver.' Which means that you are the sober one, who hasn't drunk anything alcoholic and are taking care of the driving for the other passengers in your vehicle who have been.
You have to drive with a licensed Driver.