It depends on what kind of car you have. Some have power to the 12 volt socket without the key and some do not.
As long as the ignition switch is off, it will not damage the alternator.
I've done it with no problems, but I don't know if that means it's always ok to do it or not. It may depend on how long it takes your phone to charge, as well as how good your car battery is.
car starts without key
so you can talk in the car without your cellphone.
The cellphone uses very little battery power and there's no real safety issue.
Yes, a cellphone can be charged, with the proper adaptor, without a vehicle's engine running. The electrical current [measured and refered to in Amps, usually milliamps] required is well within the capacity of a vehicle battery in good condition and charge.
Push it
You can start a car without a battery if you hook up a jump pack or use jumper camples but it could fry your alternator. It is pointless to charge a car without a battery. When you charge the car you are charging the battery.
without the spring coil the electricity will not be supplied to the ignition of the car.
No, if it starts on its own without you turning the ignition switch then the ignition switch is defective.
In the US, 1974.
Use jump leads from another vehicle or charge your battery on the car