Yes, so long as the test is on the material covered in the badge requirements.
Yes, but in the sense that being a boy scout will help you in general. There is nothing about scouting that stands out as particularly helpful with oceanography, unless there is a merit badge that can be earned for related activity.
Yes, the Boy Scouts of America states: When a Scout has an interest in earning a particular merit badge, he obtains his Scoutmaster's/Varsity Scout Coach's approval and identifies another Scout with similar interests to become his partner. They are then directed to the appropriate merit badge counselor. The counselor reviews the badge requirements with the young men and decides with them what projects should be undertaken and when they should be completed. After the counselor has certified that the Scouts have qualified for the merit badge, it is presented to them at a troop/team meeting and can be applied toward rank advancement.
The "blue card" is the form that the scout uses to track his progress toward earning a merit badge. The merit badge counselor checks off the requirements as they are done and when it is complete the scout turns in one section to apply for the badge and keeps the other for his own records.
If you are a Scout, you should start with the official BSA merit badge booklet for this particular badge (unfortunately, these are not available online). If you are actually working on the badge, your counselor should also be able to point you to more information.
As an eagle scout I'm simply going to tell you that it needs to be done by yourself with or without the help of you counselor.
No, currently [2013] there is no skiing badge for Girl Scout Brownies in GSUSA.
A name of a Merit badge? Automotive Maintenance.
You can find a MB (Merit Badge) Counselor by contacting your Scoutmaster, District Chairman, or Google it up with your District Name.
The best way for a scout to locate a merit badge counselor is to talk to his Scoutmaster. The scoutmaster should have a list of merit badge counselors that is maintained by the local district. If the scoutmaster does not have this list, one can be obtained from the council service center.
The best bet is to use the manual for the badge and talk to you counselor. If you do web searches on the topics discussed you will find a lot of useful information. It would be against the purpose of the badge and scouting principals for someone to post o use the website that simply posted the questions and gave the answers.
The BSA has no minimum age for Lifesaving.
MEANING OF THE WEBELOS BADGE The Webelos badge is like the emblem on your Webelos cap, except that it also has the word "Webelos" and the Scout badge. The emblem is made up of a gold Scout badge with a blue "W," for Webelos, on it. It shows that you are moving from Cub Scouting to Boy Scouting.