I'm not sure what you mean by "open". You should have your Scoutmaster's permission to start on a merit badge. Usually he signs a "blue card" which is the record of your merit badge progress. This is to ensure that you have any prerequisites that are required and that you are going to a registered merit badge counselor. You should make contact with your merit badge counselor prior to starting the merit badge to ensure you are credited for your work.
The BSA has no minimum age for Lifesaving.
If you are a Scout, you should start with the official BSA merit badge booklet for this particular badge (unfortunately, these are not available online). If you are actually working on the badge, your counselor should also be able to point you to more information.
The purpose of the merit badge is to allow you to explore and understand the subject. In order to complete the merit badge you need to do some research. Resources are:The merit badge pamphletYour merit badge counselorYour school teachersYour school or community libraryThe BSA website at Scouting.org[linked]MeritBadge.org[linked]Find a merit badge counselor for alectricity and print the worksheet from the website in the related links (below).
Yes, the Boy Scouts of America states: When a Scout has an interest in earning a particular merit badge, he obtains his Scoutmaster's/Varsity Scout Coach's approval and identifies another Scout with similar interests to become his partner. They are then directed to the appropriate merit badge counselor. The counselor reviews the badge requirements with the young men and decides with them what projects should be undertaken and when they should be completed. After the counselor has certified that the Scouts have qualified for the merit badge, it is presented to them at a troop/team meeting and can be applied toward rank advancement.
MeritBadge.org[linked] has requirements, resources and worksheets for merit badges. Check with your merit badge counselor to see if they are using the worksheets.
As an eagle scout I'm simply going to tell you that it needs to be done by yourself with or without the help of you counselor.
The requirements for the Reading merit badge includes reading six books and discussing them with your counselor.
In the nuclear science merit badge book.
The requirements for the Environmental Science merit badge include several options for experiments and projects. Equipment and supplies will vary greatly based on which option you choose and how you plan the project. The merit badge pamphlet and your counselor will be your primary resources.
The purpose of the merit badge is to allow you to explore and understand the subject. In order to complete the merit badge you need to do some research. Resources are:The merit badge pamphletYour merit badge counselorYour school teachersYour school or community libraryThe BSA website at Scouting.orgMeritBadge.org
Yes, so long as the test is on the material covered in the badge requirements.