Probably. State laws vary. Get your written account of the incident as fast as possible.
State laws do not vary: employees have zero expectation of privacy in the workplace. You can be photographed or recorded as the employer sees fit, except where you have a reasonable expectation of privacy - bathrooms, showers, locker rooms, medical exam rooms.
If there is any reasonable expectation of privacy, then no. If you are out in public, then anybody can take your picture without your consent at any time.
In the workplace, it depends. Contact your Human Resources or company legal department. They will help you.
For work ID in a place that requires a secure environment for any reason. If it was required at the time of hire, you have already given implied consent by taking the job.
only if you agree to it
no
Get a lawyer.
Probably not unless they have a copyright on the photos.
No, you should not use photos from the deviantart website without permission. It is important to respect the copyright of the artists who created the images. Always ask for permission or look for images that are labeled for reuse.
If the photo is taken from a public space - yes
No. Unless it is being used for a purpose that affects the neighbor.
Without permission it is illegal but if they ask you to then it's legal because you have their consent.
Techincally, he looked at some other scientist's photos (without permission), and he interpreted them.
You cannot view another person's photos that are located on their phone without their permission.
Any photos you took yourself, you can use for free in a publication. Photos that someone else gives you for free, you can also use for free. There are also public-domain photos available on the Internet, but be careful, because most photos on the Internet are not public-domain, and you can be sued if you use a copyrighted photo without permission.
It depends on where they are and what you do with the photos. If they are in public and you don't use the photos for commercial purpose, it is legal. However, there are issues if the person is in their home and you are "peeping" or if you intend to use the photos commercially.
Recs4frre.com will allow you to create an online employee database by basing your database on an existing template. There are a few templates on the site. You can then set up users with different permission levels. Employee photos can be uploaded and you can add or delete fields from the database. For a local database try www.dms-intnat.com. This is not free but not too expensive.
Many, many things. Generally you will only run into a problem with two-dimensional art, where a photograph can be a pretty accurate copy.