Want this question answered?
The right to a lawyer.
There is no court that supervises all other courts. You may be confusing supervision with the lower courts' obligation to uphold precedents set by the US Supreme Court. The Supreme Court doesn't "supervise" them, however.
Clarence E.Gideon is the appellant (as this was a Supreme Court appeal) and Louie L. Wainright is the defendant (representing the Secretary of the Florida Dept. of Corrections).
None. The US Supreme Court is head of the Judicial Branch of government; it does not have branches of its own. If you're asking how many Circuits (US Court of Appeals Circuit Courts) are below the Supreme Court, the answer is thirteen.
The parties to a US Supreme Court case are typically referred to as the Petitioner and the Respondent. This is approximately analogous to the Plaintiff (Petitioner) and Defendant (Respondent) in a criminal case.
You may be asking about the municipal courts.
An admittedly cursory search has revealed no cogent SPECIFIC rulings on the civil or criminal liability of Parole Boards by the US Supreme Court. Is the questioner perhaps asking about a STATE Supreme Court case?
There are various steps that lead to a Supreme Court hearing. First of all, the case begins in the lower courts. If unhappy with the decision reached in this court, the case can be appealed before US Court of Appeals. If this doesn't go well, the defendant can request a rehearing or petition the Supreme Court. A petition of certiorari has to be filed, this will ask the Supreme Court to hear the case. At this point, the Court will either agree to hear the case, or reject it.
The answer to this question depends on what you're asking about the Court's jurisdiction.Congress: The Legislative branch has the authority to change the US Supreme Court's appellate jurisdiction.US Supreme Court: The Supreme Court has full discretion over which cases they choose to hear under their appellate jurisdiction.
In Argersinger v Hamlin, 407 US 25 (1972) the Court extended the right to court-appointed counsel for any defendant facing jail time, even if the defendant was being charged with a misdemeanor. In previous cases the defendant was only allowed appointed counsel if charged with a felony. This case made sure any defendant facing any loss of liberty had the right to appointed counsel.
A violation of a person's civil rights is direct infringement on a person's protections granted by the US Constitution, in which case The Supreme Court has a duty to uphold the Constitution and full jurisdiction in the case.
The Court grants certiorari to the petitioner, and issues a writ of certiorari to the lower court, asking for the case files.