In the US, no.
The judge doesn't care as long as your spouse is not trespassing on property granted to YOU in the divorce. If your parents don't care if she lives on their property, that is their decision, not the court's.
You can appeal the decision in the court of jurisdiction in France.
Yes. You can't force someone to stay married to you. If they contest it, a hearing will be scheduled before a judge and the judge will decided if a divorce will be granted.
No choice, he can't take the case.
You simply proceed with your divorce action. Your spouse cannot force you to stay married by contesting it in the United States. You will eventually have a hearing before a judge scheduled, the judge will hear both sides, divide marital property and assess child support if necessary, and the divorce will be granted.
A court decree is a court decision made by a judge and made public. This is an official decision that no one can overturn.
What do you mean by the word "opinion?" If you mean the judges final judgment - it means that the judge has ruled in the case and his decision become final the moment he signed it.
A Judgment
no. I think you need the judge's signature.
A divorce is final when the judge signs the final divorce decree. Most of the time the clerk gets the filing done on the same day but if not, it is final the second the judge signs the documents.
No, you can legally change your name by filling out the papers at your courthouse. You may have to have a judge declare it legal, but you do not have to have an attorney to help you do this.
The judge is the one who makes the decision.