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It means to withstand a legal challenge on Constitutional grounds. An unconstitutional law is one that will not "pass Constitutional muster," and would be overturned by the SCOTUS if challenged.
The judicial review works as a check against Congress because any new or old law can be challenged. If the law is challenged then the Supreme Court must review it to see if it the law is Constitutional or not.
The bill just stays a bill. It doesn't become a law.
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A law is unanimously considered constitutional if it is covered in the U.S. Constitution.
Yes, it can under the right circumstances. One theory is that if a court deems that an existing law will have a "chilling effect" on a person's exercise of his constitutional rights, it will permit that person to bring an action to declare the law unconstitutional even though that person is not being prosecuted under it.
a fundamental law is but constitutional law