Sharing printers between Macs and Windows PCs is quite doable and should not present any major problems. Apple support has information about possible problems. (See links below)
In MS Windows, you look in the Network Neighbourhood for any and all machines on your network, including other computers, routers, printers and so on.
No. Use samba to interface to the Windows network.
You have to network your computers. In order to that (if you have windows) go to Start-->Control Panel-->Network Setup Wizard and go from there. Once you've set up your network, just add the printer to each computer. To do this go to Start-->Control Panel-->Printers and Faxes-->Printer Tasks-->Add a Printer.
on windows set your network type to private in network and sharing centre the open the folder Network from the start menu and other computers will appear that are on the network
the print manager group
All which has copitable hardware
Server Message Block (SMB)
Computers (ussually windows based), calculators, printers, fingers, and toes to help their counting.
Most sold printers will be compatible with Windows 7 as of 2016. It's up to the manufacurer of the printer to create the drivers used for that operating system. Most printers and PC's today use the standard network and or USB connection.
Windows 7 is a operatiing system you will need to boot a computer. HP is a manufacturer of hardware like printers and computers. You can not compare them.
No reason why not - provided you have the necessary driver for the printer installed on the notebook. Almost all printers use the standard USB connection these days. Windows development usually means most of the popular printers are already supported by the operating system.