When catalytic converters fail they normally clog up with debris and block the flow of exhaust gas from getting out of the system. This causes extreme performance problems. In the extreme cases it will even prevent the car from starting at all. A clogged cat can get so hot that is will turn red. Park the car over any combustible material and you will have a fire. Can it cause damage to other engine parts? Maybe and maybe not. What it will do is waste fuel and cause your engine to struggle, just like it is being chocked to death. It cannot breath so it can perform as it should. Replace the converter if you know it is clogged.
They will not only damage it they will destroy the converter.
Yes it can
Yes, internal coolant consumption can damage a catalytic converter.
Yes, it can damage the engine.
yes it can because oil cal leak into the exhaust system and contaminate the catalytic converter
It can't the converter is in the exhaust system
yes it can
Yes, you can do serious damage to the engine if the converter is clogged.
A bad coil can damage a converter. If the engine is misfiring, it will cause raw fuel to get into the converter and that can cause failure.
The heat generated by the converter can back up into the engine and damage it. Cause it to overheat, blow a head gasket or damage the heads.
Catalytic converter due to unburned fuel being burnt in the converter. It can also cause damage to the ignition module.
Depending on the cause of the misfire, it could damage the catalytic converter.