They can, (unless the card that flipped it says "flip effects are not activated at this time.")
Flip Effects are Triggered Effects, so if a player flipped a flip effect monster, the effect will trigger as chain link 1. Fiendish Chain can be chained to it, to negate the effect when it tries to resolve. However, if the monster is flipped by an attack, then the trigger happens during the Damage Step. There are restrictions against what you are allowed to activate during the damage step, and Fiendish Chain can't be used here. So it could not stop a Flip Effect at that time.
No, the normal result of battle applies first, then the effect. Monsters considered destroyed by battle are not actually sent to the graveyard until the end of the Damage Step, this is after any flip effects have resolved. So Penguin Soldier is actually still on the field when his flip effect activates. However, monsters considered destroyed by battle can not be affected by effects that try to return them to hand or deck. Penguin Soldier will be unable to choose himself as a monster to return, unless he survived Damage Calculation.
'Activating a card' means to either place a Spell Card on the field, or Flip a Spell or Trap card face-up from a Set position.Some continuous Spells or Traps have a reusable, activated effect, such as Royal Oppression. When these effects are used, it is called 'activating the effect' of that card.
induction effect
Yes, you can use the effect to destroy a stronger monster, and then attack a weaker one. You need at least 2 out of 3 heads on the coin flip.
techniques used to achieve each look and their effect
The Digitech RP is a guitar effect pedal used to produce a variety of musical effects. It produces effects such as whammy, wah, chorus, phaser and temolo.
There is no hypoglycemic effect of the guava leaves. In fact, it is often used because of its anti-hypoglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic effects.
There is no evidence quinine has any contraceptive effect, and it presents dangers from side effects.
There's always sound effects. Sound effects tend to get stuck in (your) audiences' heads.
Non-therapeutic drug effects are those that don't treat the target condition. For instance, the stomach cramping caused by erythromycin is a non-therapeutic effect when erythromycin is used for infection; interestingly, it may be a therapeutic effect if erythromycin is used for gastroparesis.
Activated monster effects can be broken down into Quick, Trigger and Ignition. A triggered effect will say 'When <something>, <do something>. You activate these whenever the condition is met, regardless of whose turn it is. Quick Effects are Spell Speed 2 effects and can be used in either turn also. Many of them can only be used in the opponent's turn. You can recognise a Quick effect by various ways - if it specifically says it can be activated in the opponent's turn, then it must be Spell Speed 2. If it chains to other activations, such as effects that negate others, then it is a Quick Effect. If it is used in any other phase than the main phases, then likewise it must also be Quick and can therefore be used in either turn. If the effect has nothing to identify it as either of the the above, then it is an Ignition Effect. These are spell speed 1, and can only be used in your own main phases.