Yes. It may require a license or permit, but yes.
There is a lot of disapproval towards gun ownership in the US.
No
Anywhere in the US
While laws vary from state to state, in most of the US, there is no such law as you describe.
Some do, some don't.
Yes, police officers typically carry firearms as part of their duty to maintain public safety and enforce the law.
No. About half the households in US have guns. Not every gun owner in the US carries a gun. The exact stats are uncertain, but simple logic would demonstrate that it would be less than 50% of Americans that carry guns.
Yes. They would not be very effective against criminals with guns with just a badge.
No they carry spud guns
what guns do the mushes carry at the iditarod
FBI employees are not required to carry guns.
No, prisoners are not allowed to carry guns or any weapons for that matter.