no
What you will need is a 240 to 120 step down transformer. An adapter might work but it depends on what the current draw of the neon sign is at 120 volts.
It won't run.
You need a step-up transformer, to go from 110 to 220-240 volts. Then a 110 volt supply can operate 240 volt equipment.
France uses 220-240 volts for their electrical system.
No adapter is needed, 110 and 115 volt are interchangeable.
No, a 240 volt device runs on 240, and a 120 volt device runs on 120. Attempting to run a device on incompatible voltage results in damage.
No, unless the motor was wound for dual voltage operation, which it will state on the motor nameplate, a 110 volt motor run on 240 volts will be damaged.
No, it won't get enough power and won't work.
It is not just the outlet, but the wiring and breakers that need to be compatible with your 240 Volt appliance. Get an electrician to look at your requirement.
If you mean 110/240, yes, but there may be a hidden switch to switch it to 240 volt mode. Check the manual.
Yes, but the lamp output wattage will be a quarter of what it is at 240 volts.power = voltage squared / resistance