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I'll start with the basics, others should expand as needed.
It is easiest to explain a server by telling how it is different from a client computer.
A server is expected to remain on all the time. Due to this requirement, a true server will have completely redundant hardware. This means all the hardware will come in pairs, and if one piece fails, the other piece will continue working until the first piece is replaced. One notable technique is RAID, which has spilled over into regular computers.
RAID stands for Redundant Array of Independent Disks. In one configuration, all data is written twice, on separate drives. One drive acts as backup to the other. Another configuration that is more complicated involves splitting the data up between different drives, and adding a little extra data that allows all the data to be recreated if one drive should fail. There exist many more RAID configurations than can be brought up here.
RAM: Random Access Memory is used that has error control capabilities built into it. It is also typically redundant if dedicated server hardware is used.
Power supplies, CPUs, and RAM are typically paired, with one ready to completely run the server if the other fails. Also, a greater emphasis is placed on reliability, rather than on speed.
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You want know the details of hardware and networking?
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explain client or server OS trends
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Windows Server Catalog
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