In most circumstances, no. The bullet is too large to chamber in the handgun.
A 40mm handgun would fire a bullet the size of a golf ball. No such critter. There IS a .40 caliber handgun (about 10mm). There are dozens of larger caliber handguns than .40 caliber. They include the .41, .44. .45, .455. .460, .475, .500- and several others.
The short answer is no. You should not (and normally can't) fire any ammo in a gun other than what it is specifically designed to shoot. There are some exceptions, such as, you can fire 38 special in a gun designed for .357 magnum.
No one answer. There are dozens of different .44 caliber cartridges, and hundreds of different loadings of those cartridges. A rifle will have a different velocity than a handgun. This is sort of like "how fast can a V8 car go?"
Assuming you mean caliber, the caliber simply refers to the diameter of the bullet the gun is designed to fire. American cartridge sizes are expressed as tenths or hundredths of an inch, and European cartridges sizes are expressed as millimeter. A .40 caliber gun fires a bullet that is .40 of an inch in diameter. A 9 millimeter gun fires a bullet that is 9 millimeters in diamter. There are too many variations to list here, but some common handgun calibers are 9 millimeter, 10 millimeter, .40 SW, .38 special, .44 magnum, .45 ACP, .380 ACP.
No.
A single .44 caliber bullet at point blank range.
There are many handgun rounds that exceed the 44 mag. 454, 460, 500 to name a few.
Caliber refers to the size of the bullet in the cartridge, or the size of bullet the gun is designed to fire. Magnum refers to a cartridge with a higher level of pressure/powder than another one similar to it. For example: a .44 magnum has a longer casing and more powder than a .44 special.
No. You should never try to load or fire any ammo into a gun other than what it is designed to fire. A .44 caliber gun is designed to fire .44 caliber ammo.
Yes, a .44 caliber Derringer I believe.
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Yes. For example, if you are shot with a .44 caliber bullet in the no-reflex zone in your face, you will die instantly. The same thing goes with any caliber bigger than .44.