Yes. However, whether or not you're able to pass a DOT physical and obtain a DOT medical card (which you'll need in order to operate a commercial vehicle) will depend on how severe your condition is.
Only if you're somehow able to get a medical waiver.
My Class A with two endorsements was $35.
Getting the CDL isn't the problem - it's finding someone who'll hire you which is where your problems begin.
Getting the CDL back won't be a problem. Finding employment probably will be, though.
The most popular answer seems to be 5 to 7 grand.
If you are aware of the laws and have had practice, you can always try to get your CDL without taking a class. It's definitely not recommended though and would be better to help you pass it the first time by taking the class.
Federal law requires applicants for CDLs to take physicals and be drug tested.
Yes. If you're moving to Colorado, the state requires you to exchange it for a Colorado license within 30 days of establishing residence, although it's not that strongly enforced... I moved to Colorado in November of 2010, but didn't exchange my North Carolina CDL for a Colorado one until April of 2011, with no penalties.
Not in Colorado, nor anywhere else. You have to be able to obtain a DOT medical card. That's federal law.
The only way it could be mandated is if you have a CDL. If you don't have one, they can't, although they can send a request to the DMV in Texas to do so. Whether or not Texas complies is up to them. Additionally, the Department of Revenue (it's not the DMV in Colorado) can suspend your driving privilege in the state of Colorado, meaning you won't be permitted to drive in the state of Colorado.
Any diabetic with a CDL - it doesn't matter what state, as CDLs are federally regulated - has to apply for the Diabetes Exception Program through the FMCSA.
In order to get a CDL driving job you will have to have a CDL license. You can search for CDL jobs at http://www.cdljobs.com/ and http://www.cdljobshelp.com/