yes ceramic can be replaced by polyester
mica
Yes, the higher voltage is not only OK, but is desirable, as it will be longer-lasting. It is very important to replace the capacitor with the same type. If it is a ceramic disk, replace it with a ceramic disc. If it is metal-film, then replace it with a metal-film capacitor, and so on.
ceramic capacitor does not simultaneously discharges instead it maintains stead flow of charges through it
Last time I looked there are no 47nF polarized capacitors. The value is too small to make practically.
same as any other capacitor. however they are usually used where higher voltages are.
A capacitor that does not have a designated + and - side. Electrolytic capacitors are usually polarized. Ceramic capacitors are not.
It is a type of capacitor, with a shell of metallized plastic polyester.MKT is a german acronym for:metallisierter kunststoff polyester
capacitors are classified on the basis of dielectric material used inside it. For example the electrolytic capacitor consist electrolyte as dielectric mica capacitor consist mica as dielectric between plates and ceramic capacitor consist ceramic as dielectric.
That depends on the value of the capacitor and other components in the circuit.
when high voltages are present because the voltage rating of polyester (polyethylene terephthalate) capacitor is high as well as electrolytic capacitor will destroy if the voltage increases from nominal voltage and cause short circuit conditions.
to protect a circuit from damaging
The filter capacitor has inductance and is therefore not very responsive to short term transients, i.e. fast rising or falling current edges. The ceramic disk capacitor, on the other hand, has very little inductance, and therefore is very responsive to short term transients. It is normal "best practices" to connect a small ceramic disk capacitor at each IC's Vcc terminal while also using bulk capacitance in the power supply and at various other places. For the same reason, you want a ceramic disc at the main filter capacitor in the power supply.