240
120 volts
Yes, but you are limited to the amount of current draw the 120 volt load can apply to the adapter.
If a motor is designed to run on different voltages there will be a wiring diagram on motor plate for 120 volt wiring. If not you will have to use a step up transformer to convert 120 V to the higher voltage.
No, a 240 volt device runs on 240, and a 120 volt device runs on 120. Attempting to run a device on incompatible voltage results in damage.
No. A water heater requires a 240 volt connection and cannot be re-wired to run on 120 volts. There isn't enough amperage in 120 volts to power the heating rods that are inside.
Yes. Circuits in a home are 120 volts but people tend to call them 110 volt circuits. The 120 volts you read on the appliance is the maximum voltage the appliance can handle. The actual voltage you will read at any outlet will range from 110 to 120 volts.
Yes, 120 and 240 volts can be run in the same conduit.
Can you use a 120 volt bulb in a 130 volt socket?
No, you will need a commercial mixer for that.
Yes a 220 volt light bulb will run on a 120 volt circuit but at 1/4 of the wattage that the light bulb is rated at. A 100 watt light bulb on 220 would would be equal to a 25 watt light bult on 120 volt system.
You tell yourself the 125 volt receptacle is a 120 volt receptacle. They're the same thing.