10/3 wire with 30 amp double pole breaker from panel box to water heater.
The wire size is dependent upon the wattage size of your water heater. The higher the wattage the larger the wire size. A standard 3000 watt heater will use a two pole 20 amp breaker connected to 2C #12 wire.
does a water heater require a ground wire?
Junction box for what? Do you mean a sub panel?
Any ground wire has to be connected to an independent ground wire that returns directly to the distribution panel and not to the neutral of the circuit.
Look to see if the 30 amp panel is fed with a two wire or a three wire. If it is a two wire then you are out of luck. If the panel is fed with a three wire then the panel should have the neutral terminated in the panel. It is this neutral that you need for 120 volt connections. You didn't state how many panel slots there are in the panel. If you are able install a 15 amp breaker into the panel and connect the wires going to the load. The black wire will go to the breaker and the white wire will go to the neutral bar in the panel.
On a 120/240 volt distribution system the ground wire is terminated at the point where the service neutral terminated in the distribution panel. It is usually a double lug the neutral wire connecting into one hole and the ground wire connecting into the other hole. Through this lug assembly there is a machine screw that is inserted through the lug assembly and it screws into the metallic enclosure of the distribution panel. This action bonds the metal enclosure, neutral wire and ground wire bringing the point to a common potential of zero.
Yes it can be done that way. Just make sure to use a double-pole breaker to ensure each wire is on an opposite phase.
Assuming you are referring to a 240 volt residential hot water heater you will need to install 10/2 NM cable (Romex) with ground from the service panel to the water heater wired to a 30 amp circuit breaker in the service panel. If you cannot see the water heater from the service panel you will need to install a service disconnect at the water heater.
Make sure that the water heater is connected across the 240 volt bus of the panel that it is connected to. You should have a two pole 20 amp breaker supplying the voltage through #12 copper wire with an insulation factor of 90 degrees C. Sometimes if an electrical panel has mini breakers installed in it, the two load wires will get connected to the two poles on a mini breaker. This is not across the 240 volt bus, the both wires are connected to the breaker on the 120 volt leg.
Does it have a big heavy wire, like your electric dryer, or a little light wire like your refrigerator. All electric cooktops that I know of are 240V. I have never seen one that is 120V.
4 wire household wiring is black, red, (hot wires) white (neutral) and bare or green (ground wire). You say 3 wires. Is it 120v or 240v. If its 240v which is more common just use the two hots and the ground and cap off the neutral wire.