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Q: Casey remembers that molecular motion increases as temperature increases. Identify what effect increased molecular motion.?
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Who discovered using wind for energy?

Wind has been used as a source of energy for thousands of years. No one remembers who first invented the sail or the windmill.


How does a vacine work?

Vaccines work by injecting you with a small dose of either a weak or dead form of a virus/disease. Your body naturally tries to kill the virus by creating anti-bodies. Your body remembers how to create these antibodies so that when the real virus attacks, it can fight back killing the disease before it does any harm.


How to make a microbalance?

A micro balance is an instrument capable of making precise measurements of weight of objects of relatively small mass: of the order of a million parts of a gram. In comparison, a standard analytical-balanceis 100 times less sensitive; i.e. it is limited in precision to 0.1 milligrams. Micro balances are generally used in a laboratory as standalone instruments but are also incorporated into other instruments, such asnermogravimetry, and sorption/desorption systems, and surface property instruments.InstrumentWooden block (4 cm x 4 cm x 2 cm)Wooden strip (15 cm x 2 cm, for example, a medical tongue depressor)Elastic bands (5 cm), 2Needle (fine)Metal screw (1.2 cm)Aluminum support (see Technical notes)Drinking straw (waxed paper or plastic)Graph paper - at least 100 sheetsScissorsSensitive laboratory balanceHealth & safety checkingAs part of the reviewing process, the experiments on this website have been checked for health and safety. In particular, we have attempted to ensure that:• all recognized hazards have been identified,• suitable actions are suggested,• where possible, the procedures are in accordance with commonly adopted model (general) risk assessments,• where model (general) risk assessments are not available, we have done our best to judge the procedures to be satisfactory and of an equivalent standard.then use your inventing skill to formed it up remembers you can do it


What is the product costing procedure used for flexible flow and line flow strategy?

flow line (engineering)The connecting line or arrow between symbols on a flow chart or block diagram. Mark on a molded plastic or metal article made by the meeting of two input-flow fronts during molding. Also known as weld line; weld mark.(hydrology) A contour of the water level around a body of water.(petrology) In an igneous rock, any internal structure produced by parallel orientation of crystals, mineral streaks, or inclusions.(petroleum engineering) A pipeline that takes oil from a single well or a series of wells to a gathering center.Flexible manufacturing systemA factory or part of a factory made up of programmable machines and devices that can communicate with one another. Materials such as parts, pallets, and tools are transported automatically within the flexible manufacturing system and sometimes to and from it. Some form of computer-based, unified control allows complete or partial automatic operation. Flexible manufacturing systems are part of a larger computer-based technology, termed computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM), which encompasses more than the movement and processing of parts on the factory floor. See also Automation; Computer-aided design and manufacturing; Computer-integrated manufacturing.The programmable machines and devices are numerically controlled machine tools, robots, measuring machines, and materials-handling equipment. Each programmable machine or device typically has its own controller which is, in effect, a dedicated digital computer; programs must be written for these controllers, usually in special-purpose languages designed to handle the geometry and machining. Increasingly, numerically controlled machines are being programmed by graphical presentations on computer screens, that is, graphical computer interfaces. This allows the programmer to follow the machining operation and specify desired operations without the need for statements in a programming language. Robots have usually been programmed by so-called teaching, where the robot is physically led through a sequence of movements and operations; the robot remembers them and carries them out when requested. See also Computer graphics; Digital computer; Intelligent machine; Materials-handling equipment; Programming languages; Robotics.The programmable machines and devices communicate with one another via an electronic connection between their controllers. Increasingly, this connection is by means of local-area networks, that is, communication networks that facilitate highspeed, reliable communication throughout the entire factory.The automatic material transport system is usually a guided, computer-controlled vehicle system. The vehicles are usually confined to a fixed network of paths, but typically any vehicle can be made to go from any point in the network to any other point. The network is different from a classical assembly line in that it is more complex and the flow through it is not in one direction.Commands and orders to the flexible manufacturing system are sent to its computer-based, unified control. The control, in turn, issues orders for the transport of various kinds of material, the transfer of needed programs, the starting and stopping of programs, the scheduling of these activities, and other activities.Flexible manufacturing systems are flexible in the sense that their device controllers and central control computer can be reprogrammed to make new parts or old parts in new ways. They can also often make a number of different types of parts at the same time. However, this flexibility is limited to a certain family of parts, for example, axles. A general goal for designers is to increase flexibility, and advanced flexible manufacturing systems are more flexible than the earlier ones.


How was the microwave dicovered?

A Brief History of the Microwave OvenLike many of today's great inventions, the microwave oven was a by-product of another technology. It was during a radar-related research project around 1946 that Dr. Percy Spencer, a self-taught engineer with the Raytheon Corporation, noticed something very unusual. He was testing a new vacuum tube called a magnetron (we are searching for a picture of an actual 1946 magnetron), when he discovered that the candy bar in his pocket had melted. This intrigued Dr. Spencer, so he tried another experiment. This time he placed some popcorn kernels near the tube and, perhaps standing a little farther away, he watched with an inventive sparkle in his eye as the popcorn sputtered, cracked and popped all over his lab. The next morning, Scientist Spencer decided to put the magnetron tube near an egg. Spencer was joined by a curious colleague, and they both watched as the egg began to tremor and quake. The rapid temperature rise within the egg was causing tremendous internal pressure. Evidently the curious colleague moved in for a closer look just as the egg exploded and splattered hot yolk all over his amazed face. The face of Spencer lit up with a logical scientific conclusion: the melted candy bar, the popcorn, and now the exploding egg, were all attributable to exposure to low-density microwave energy. Thus, if an egg can be cooked that quickly, why not other foods? Experimentation began...Dr. Spencer fashioned a metal box with an opening into which he fed microwave power. The energy entering the box was unable to escape, thereby creating a higher density electromagnetic field. When food was placed in the box and microwave energy fed in, the temperature of the food rose very rapidly. Dr. Spencer had invented what was to revolutionize cooking, and form the basis of a multimillion dollar industry, the microwave oven.A Bit of Trivia: The "Speedie Weenie" ProjectIn the spring of 1946, Percy Spencer and an associate, P.R. Hanson (Roly Hanson), were working on a secret project they called "the Speedy Weenie". Muriel Withrow remembers the project well. She recalls, "The 'Speedy Weenie' Project was the nickname Mr. Spencer and my boss, Roly Hanson, gave to their secret project, the microwave [oven]" "'Speedie Weenie' meaning 'a quick hot dog!'" (Our thanks to Mrs. Withrow for sharing this little known detail)Click HERE: 1958 Issue of Readers Digest article about Dr. Percy SpencerClick HERE: Wikiverse - A World of Knowledge. Article about Percy Spencer with additional links.Nearly 6 Feet Tall, Weighing 750 PoundsEngineers went to work on Spencer's hot new idea, developing and refining it for practical use. By late 1946, the Raytheon Company had filed a patent proposing that microwaves be used to cook food. An oven that heated food using microwave energy was then placed in a Boston restaurant for testing. At last, in 1947, the first commercial microwave oven hit the market. These primitive units where gigantic and enormously expensive, standing 5 1/2 feet tall, weighing over 750 pounds, and costing about $5000 each. The magnetron tube had to be water-cooled, so plumbing installations were also required. Initial Reactions Were UnfavorableNot surprisingly, many were highly reluctant about these first units, and so they found only limited acceptance. Initial sales were disappointing...but not for long. Further improvements and refinements soon produced a more reliable and lightweight oven that was not only less expensive, but, with the development of a new air-cooled magnetron, there was no longer any need for a plumber. The microwave oven had reached a new level of acceptance, particularly with regard to certain industrial applications. By having a microwave oven available, restaurants and vending companies could now keep products refrigerator-fresh up to the point of service, then heat to order. The result? Fresher food, less waste, and money saved.New and Unusual ApplicationsAs the food industry began to recognize the potential and versatility of the microwave oven, its usefulness was put to new tests. Industries began using microwaves to dry potato chips and roast coffee beans and peanuts. Meats could be defrosted, precooked and tempered. Even the shucking of oysters was made easier by microwaves. Other industries found the diverse applications of microwave heating quite advantageous. In time, microwaves were being used to dry cork, ceramics, paper, leather, tobacco, textiles, pencils, flowers, wet books and match heads. The microwave oven had become a necessity in the commercial market and the possibilities seemed endless.The First "Radarange"In 1947, Raytheon demonstrated the world's first microwave oven and called it a "Radarange," the winning name in an employee contest. Housed in refrigerator-sized cabinets, the first microwave ovens cost between $2,000 and $3,000. Sometime between 1952-55, Tappan introduced the first home model priced at $1295. In 1965 Raytheon acquired Amana Refrigeration. Two years later, the first countertop, domestic oven was introduced. It was a 100-volt microwave oven, which cost just under $500 and was smaller, safer and more reliable than previous models.By 1975 Sales of Microwave Ovens Exceeded that of Gas RangesTechnological advances and further developments led to a microwave oven that was polished and priced for the consumer kitchen. However, there were many myths and fears surrounding these mysterious new electronic "radar ranges." By the seventies, more and more people were finding the benefits of microwave cooking to outweigh the possible risks, and none of them were dying of radiation poisoning, going blind, sterile, or becoming impotent (at least not from using microwave ovens). As fears faded, a swelling wave of acceptance began filtering into the kitchens of America and other countries. Myths were melting away, and doubt was turning into demand.By 1975, sales of microwave ovens would, for the first time, exceed that of gas ranges. The following year, a reported 17% of all homes in Japan were doing their cooking by microwaves, compared with 4% of the homes in the United States the same year. Before long, though, microwave ovens were adorning the kitchens in over nine million homes, or about 14%, of all the homes in the United States. In 1976, the microwave oven became a more commonly owned kitchen appliance than the dishwasher, reaching nearly 60%, or about 52 million U.S. households. America's cooking habits were being drastically changed by the time and energy-saving convenience of the microwave oven. Once considered a luxury, the microwave oven had developed into a practical necessity for a fast-paced world.An expanding market has produced a style to suit every taste; a size, shape, and color to fit any kitchen, and a price to please almost every pocketbook. Options and features, such as the addition of convection heat, probe and sensor cooking, meet the needs of virtually every cooking, heating or drying application. Today, the magic of microwave cooking has radiated around the globe, becoming an international phenomenon.Inventor SpencerDoctor Spencer continued at Raytheon as a senior consultant until he died at the age of 76. At the time of his death, Dr. Spencer held 150 patents and was considered one of the world's leading experts in the field of microwave energy, despite his lack of a high school education.On September 18, 1999, Dr. Percy LaBaron Spencer was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame and took his place in history alongside such great inventors as Thomas Edison, the Wright Brothers and George Washington Carver.Click HERE: 1958 Issue of Readers Digest article about Dr. Percy SpencerClick HERE: Wikiverse - A World of Knowledge. Article about Percy Spencer with additional links.More to come on the fascinating history and development of the microwave oven...Note: Photo of Percy Spencer and Patent provided courtesy of The Spencer Family ArchivesPicture of the earliest microwave oven provided courtesy of The Lemelson-MIT Awards Program's Invention Dimension web site, http://web.mit.edu/invent

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