No. A black hole would utterly destroy Earth by the time it passed within a few thousand light years.
I'm not sure, but it could be an Earth worm.
Nothing, The earth would be sucked up before it even got near to the earth.
It is still a needle, but could be referred to as a compass needle.
One does not simply "pass through" a black hole.
What features of the earth makes a compass needle point north
A needle on a compass is a magnet, and it aligns itself with the Earth's magnetic field. This allows the needle to point towards the magnetic North Pole. The movement of the needle is a result of the interaction between the Earth's magnetic field and the magnetic properties of the needle.
The pole of the compass that is attracted to the earth's magnetic north pole must be a south magnetic pole. But here's the thing. In the compass, the south magnetic pole of the needle is marked "N" because that end of the compass needle points to earth's magnetic north. The only way the needle can point to earth's magnetic north is if that end of the needle, the one marked with an "N" on it, is a magnetic south pole. It almost seems counter intuitive, but think it through and it will become clear.
A needle points in the direction of the Earth's magnetic field due to its alignment with the Earth's magnetic field lines. The needle itself becomes magnetized and aligns itself with the north and south poles of Earth's magnetic field.
A compass needle moves because it aligns itself with the Earth's magnetic field, which is generated by the movement of molten iron in the outer core of the Earth. This causes the needle to point towards the Earth's magnetic North Pole.
You have to realize that the Earth is a sphere and that the magnetic north pole isn't in a direction tangent to the Earth's surface, but rather through the Earth itself. Therefore, a compass needle will dip downwards if it is dense enough to break the surface tension of the fluid it is floating on.
The needle was floated in water in the first crude compass to reduce friction and allow it to move freely in response to Earth's magnetic field. This helped the needle align itself with the Earth's magnetic north and south poles, indicating direction.
A compass needle is a magnetized steel needle that aligns with the Earth's magnetic field. Its use allows for determining directions such as north, south, east, and west.