From Susan Ward Aber, in her paper, "Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Diamonds":
"Diamond may be up to 3 billion years old, which is much older than their surface host rock. Diamond crystallization originates some 200 kilometers, or 320 miles, beneath the surface and the disaggregated crystals are merely transported to the surface via kimberlite and lamproite [volcanic] pipes. These igneous host rock formations are roughly cylindrical in shape and act as a conduit from the Earth's mantle to the contintental crust."
In order for the [volcanic] pipe to exist, "...Volcanic pipes form as the result of violent eruptions of deep-origin volcanoes."
Read more about volcanic pipes, below.
jayde and metal
'Allow' means to make possible, so you could say that erosion allows diamonds to reach the earth's surface. But it's more interesting than that. Diamonds are formed deep within the earth's mantle and are erupted to the surface -- or near the surface to account for erosion, as above -- by volcanic pipes.
Kimberlites are the rock type that diamonds are usually found in. They are formed when a magma from deep in the mantle drills its way to the surface in a fast gaseous explosive event. Diamonds typically occur as xenocrysts within the Kimberlite matrix. the volcanic deposits are called Lamproite igneous volcanic pipes. Please see the related links.
addition of free oxygen
A black hole. However, it does not have a surface but an event horizon.
jayde and metal
'Allow' means to make possible, so you could say that erosion allows diamonds to reach the earth's surface. But it's more interesting than that. Diamonds are formed deep within the earth's mantle and are erupted to the surface -- or near the surface to account for erosion, as above -- by volcanic pipes.
tornadoes
a total eclipse
Yes. Asteroids can enter earth's atmosphere. In such an event the asteroid will probably strike earth's surface.
No, the Event Horizon is outside the singularity.The singularity probably has no surface as it is an infinitesimal point.
An eclipse
the mass extiction
It is the probability of that event.
You must OD on gas medicine.
Ice age
The eruption of a very large volcano