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In the American Civil War balloons were used for artillery observation, with the balloon tethered to the ground and the observer communicating by telegraph. In World War 1 the German artillery used them in this way also, with deadly effect against the Allies, but this time the balloons could be shot down by airplanes. For this reason the balloon observers were given parachutes.
In World War 2 balloons were primarily used to defend against low flying aircraft. They were called barrage balloons, and they were strung together with wires to cut off the wings of enemy aircraft. The Western Allies used them to defend London and Normandy. Balloons were also used as aerial targets for gunnery training, and to train paratroopers in the basics of jumping.
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