No, he did not "defy" anyone. After the Affordable Care Act passed congress, it was appealed by several state attorneys general. One federal judge upheld it, while another did not. The case eventually proceeded to the U.S. Supreme Court, which is the final say in such matters. The Supreme Court in mid-2012 voted to uphold the law, saying it was in fact constitutional.
Both the president and governor can appoint judges. The governor can appoint his states judges and the president appoints federal judges. The president can only appoint ambassadors.
federal judges
No. Federal judges are appointed by the President with confirmation by the Senate.
The President.
federal
Are appointed to the court by the President
They aren't ever, the executive branch elects the federal judges for a term of good behavior. In otherwords the president appoints them, never elections.
Supreme Court Judges with the consent of congress
The US President has the authority to grant pardons to federal judges for anything except impeachment. There is no pardon from impeachment.
The President (head of the executive branch) appoints, with Senate confirmation, the higher ranking federal judges. There is also a group of federal judges that are hired by the judiciary system.
are appointed to the court by the president
Yes