You should specify which movement(s) you're asking about; perhaps there's a difference.
The general rule is that if you're born Jewish, you remain so, and you can always return to your roots (as many young people have been doing in the last four decades). Jews who strayed and then return are able to become part of the normative Jewish community.
However, those who go over to other movements and make no effort to return, have a historical tendency to go lost eventually: this happened to many of the Ten Tribes (those who dabbled in idolatry), the Sadducees, the Essenes, the followers of the false messiah Shabbetai Zevi (in the 1600s) - and some other groups too.
He was born Jewish and raised Jewish. He believed in God, but he wasn't necessarily Jewish.
jewish
No. Jewish tradition would give that title to Abraham.
According to Tradition, a person is Jewish if their mother is Jewish. If you do not know the religion of your mother, you are assumed not to be Jewish. Even in liberal movements that recognize patrilineal heritage, the person must also be raised Jewish. So if you weren't raised Jewish, you are not Jewish.
All of the first Christians were Jewish. Jesus and his disciples were all Jewish.
Jesus was a Jew so he probably believed in a host of traditional practices.
There is only one Jewish Orthodox Sect; there are many Orthodox movements. The difference is that sects generally hold that the other sect's beliefs are invalid, whereas movements hold that the differences are stylistic and therefore cultural, not heretical. The reasons for the differentiation in Orthodox movements is similar to the reason that there are a variety of Protestant movements. Without a unifying figure, different cultural traditions became the source of independent cultural norms. These norms are called Minhagim in the Orthodox context. Additionally, because of the politics involved in having a Jewish State, Orthodox communities have divided into movements according to their belief of how best to negotiate the issue of a Jewish State.
People are considered to be Jews if they convert to Judaism, or because their mother is Jewish. (In the Reform movement a person is considered Jewish if they have a Jewish father and are raised Jewish but don't have a Jewish mother.)
They're a regional food, not specifically Jewish.
See the attached Related Links.
No. But the Jewish people are considered the chosen people, though not all Jewish denominations share this belief.
They, like all loyal Jews, believed in the entire Torah and its accompanying oral tradition. See also:Basic Jewish beliefsWhat is the Torah for?The purpose of the Israelite prophets