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They both look at the different responsibilities, risks and rewards that you can receive from setting up your business in different ways.

A public company has shares and many different owners, it is easy to transfer ownership from one person to another by simply selling shares as well it is easier to raise capital though either debt issues or equity issues (issuing more shares). If anything happens to the company you are only liable for the amount of equity that you have in the company (ex if the company is sued you are only liable for the size of your equity stake in the company and no more). However public companies are expensive to set up and there is the requirement that public companies provide their financial records on an annual basis to the public.

Partnerships are more limited in nature, they only survive as long as all the partners keep them alive, they are difficult to transfer ownership, it is more difficult to raise capital (as this is done on the merit of the partners involved), if a partnership is sued you can lose more then your equity stake (you are personally liable for any lawsuits). However the plus side is that partnerships are cheap to set up and you don't have to provide your financial information on an annual basis.

Side note there are different partnerships which can be set up, the most notable is a limited partnership where you can have partners who are only liable for their equity stake in the company however they do not have any decision making opportunities in the company either.

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Q: Difference between partnership and public company?
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