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The Internet relies on primarily the TCP/IP protocol suite.
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Yes, Portugal signed the Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol is aimed at reducing global warming. It was adopted on December 11, 1997.Portugal signed the Protocl on April 29, 1998. Portugal ratified the Protocol on May 31, 2002. Signing is optional. Ratification means that the country is agreeing to cap emissions in accordance with the Protocol.
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)ARP is primarily used to translate IP Addresses to Ethernet MAC Addresses.
The Kyoto protocol was signed by Clinton, but neither the Clinton government or the following Bush government ever ratified it. It has also never been unsigned by the Bush governement. Congress could also move forward with ratification without presidential approval, but it could be vetoed by the Whitehouse if approved. Most analysts believe congress would be unable to pass ratification, as many Democrates also reject the treaty. Brandon Caswell
The purpose of the Protocol was essentially to protect Antarctica for 50 years from commercial exploitation primarily of its mineral wealth, The Protocol was signed in 1991, and came into force in 1998, so this means that Antarctica is safe from commercial exploitation until 2048.
In law terms, ratify means to make valid or effective. Pertaining to the law, it could be ratification of a treaty, contract or protocol.
Russia's ratification on November 18, 2004 meant that the "55 percent of 1990 carbon dioxide emissions of the Parties included in Annex I" clause was satisfied and the treaty brought into force, effective February 16, 2005.
Both TCP and IP are subprotocols in the OSI model. IP is used for routing purposes, whereas TCP is used for transport control. If you are asking primarily about internetworking then it would be the IP protocol.
UDP - primarily for speed is used to transport voice packets in a VoIP deployment.