Yes, the Jewish calendar contains six fasts per year. Yom Kippur is the day of prayer and atonement. Taanis Esther is the day when the Jews prepared to confront their deadly enemies in the ancient Persian empire. And the Ninth of Av, the Seventeenth of Tamuz, the Tenth of Teves and Tzom Gedaliah, are all connected with the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple.
no
Yes
Yes. Hanukkah is not a fasting holiday.
Praying for God's forgiveness and fasting.
Jews begin fasting at sundown, which - as each day starts with sunset according to the Hebrew calendar - is the start of Yom Kippur. For me, that'll be 18.55.
there are still Jews around today.
Currently, Jews are not facing a genocide.
Jews do not today have a king. For kings in the past, see this linked page.
In synagogues.
The name of "teacher" is rabbi for Jews.
Hebrews are actually called Jews today. They originated from Western Asia, but today Jews live all over the world.
As of 2011, there are about six million Jews in the U.S.
There is the fast of the firstborn where firstborn males are supposed to fast the day of the eve of Passover. Once Passover starts, there is no fasting.
Judaism.