Nearly all. All members of the World Trade Organization follow the Berne Convention.
in most if not all countries YES.
All members of the World Trade Organization must have copyright laws aligned with the Berne Convention. There are 153 member states of the WTO.
In most countries (over 160), copyright is free. In a few countries where you can register copyright, a small fee is charged. In the USA, where copyright registration is optional until you want to sue in federal court, copyright registration costs $35 for each application. One application can be used to protect hundreds of works simultaneously in a collection.
Because copyright protection is automatic in all World Trade Organization countries, anyone who writes down something creative, draws a picture, records a song, etc., has created a copyright-protected work.
All of them, presumably. Most countries have copyright laws based in some way on the Berne Convention, administered by the World Intellectual Property Organization, part of the World Trade Organization.
Not entirely, but all countries' copyright laws include a provision allowing certain limited exceptions for education. A good overview of US laws is linked below.
In most countries copyright is free, instantaneous and automatic.
In the US, it's the Register of Copyrights. Most countries have a copyright office associated with the national library.
Yes, if you have a copyright in any country covered under a multi-lateral treaty, such as the USA under the Berne Convention, your copyright must be honored and protected by the laws of the other 160 countries under that Convention.
In member countries of the World Trade Organization, copyright protection is automatic; registration is not required.
Copyright law has been in effect for hundreds of years in most countries.
Copyright significantly predates the CD, but nearly all CDs are protected by copyright.