No. We already know a good deal about the speed of light. Scientists study other galxies to learn how galaxies work.
They study distant galaxies because they want to know whats out in other galaxies and how many planets it has
That is impossible to answer because scientist don't know ALL the galaxies.
The galaxies beyond our own are millions to billions of light years away, meaning the light takes millions to billions of years to get here.
Light years is the distance light travels in one year. They do this because other galaxies are too far away to measure in kilometres. The numbers would be too long
Yes galaxies emit light
We know that we have observed galaxies out to as much as 14 billion light years from us in every direction, and we have never seen an end to it yet.
If you look at a distant galaxy, the light from the galaxy has travelled for perhaps a hundred million years, a billion years, or up to an age close to the age of the Universe (13 billion years or so), depending on the galaxy's distance. Thus, the light you see shows you how the Universe was billions of years ago.
They are measured in light years. Galaxies are often 100,000 light years across or more.
Galaxies are made partly of stars, which produce light. So, in that sense, yes.
That is usually measured for large distances, such as the distance to other stars, or even to other galaxies. Another unit, the "parsec", is also common in this case.
Because they're hundreds of thousands of light years away from Earth.
Well, you can see them, right? - Galaxies contain millions or billions of stars; each of these stars emit light.