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Soap, the metallic salt of a fatty acid, is a molecule that attaches to water at one end and lipids (fats and oils) at the other, thus solving the old problem of how to wash off oil since oil and water don't mix. The drawback is that the part that likes the oil also likes calcium, so if you have "hard" water (lots of dissolved minerals) you will wind up with a substance know as "soap scum." Detergents are a group of chemicals which imitate the water-oil aspect of soap, but don't care for calcium, so they don't build up scum. Their drawbacks are that they can be more expensive, harsher and can have unforeseen effects on the environment due to all the additional stuff manufacturers add to them. Clothing detergent, for example, often has ultraviolet dyes so the cleaned clothes will reflect more light and thus appear brighter.

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Q: Do soap and detdgent have the same effect on different types of water?
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