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Yes. You need a CDL and a hazmat endorsement both. You're well above the allotted amount which can be transported without the tanker and hazmat endorsements.
Yes. If it requires a tanker with an unrestricted CDL, so it does with a permit, as well.
They require a tanker endorsement, and most commodities they haul also require the driver to have a hazmat endorsement.
Yes. No differentiation is made between liquid and dry bulk tankers in this regard.
You will need a Class B CDL with tanker endorsement.
To answer you we need to know what country's traffic regulations you are asking about.
Yes. Tank trucks require a tanker endorsement, and the tanker endorsement can only be put onto a CDL. A permanently mounted tank requires one (the regs don't specify a minimum capacity), as do portable tanks of more than 1000 gallons.
Any tank vehicles, or anything defined as a portable tank with a capacity of greater than 1000 gallons.
Yes, and I have done exactly that, and in NC, to boot. If you haven't seen it, it's because most companies prefer instead to send another truck to pick up the trailer instead of having the trailer towed, as well as not wanting to pay the additional costs of having the trailer towed with the truck. Restrictions are present, of course. For example, the tow truck driver must have all necessary endorsements. For example, if a vehicle pulling a tanker full of hazardous chemicals had to be towed, that tow truck driver would need a Hazmat endorsement and a tanker endorsement (in NC, the two endorsements together are an "X" endorsement, although some states show separate "H" and "K" endorsements for hazmat and tanker, respectively. Another thing tow truck drivers in NC need to be wary of is low tonnage roads, particularly in the Raleigh-Durham area. The weight limit on these roads is 6-1/2 tons per axle, and the fines for violations of this are very steep.
You would need the N (tanker) and H (hazmat) endorsements. Most states issue an X endorsement as a combination of N and H.
Yes. You'll need the CDL of a class appropriate to the vehicle being operated, a tanker endorsement, and a hazmat endorsement. 300 gallons puts you well past the 1000 lb. threshold for not needing one.