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As far as I know, The true early christians never taught Reincarnation. As you probably well know, Christianity came from Judaism. Judaism never taught reincarnation. Reincarnation is primaraly a Pagan, that is either a religion that is not an abrahamic religion (Judaism, Christianity, Islam) or a religion that worships many gods, concept. Misguided early christians, may have incorporated reincarnation into their aldulturated form of Christianity. However, they were clearly not influential enough to influence mainstream Christianity. either that, or they saw the truth, in my opinion.
Our tradition is that the Torah, which is the basis for Judaism, was given by God (Exodus 24:12).
Yes.
Tradition holds that it was Abraham.
Yes, according to tradition.
The Seven Sacraments is a Catholic Tradition that comes out of the Catechism. It has no corollary in Judaism, since Judaism does not claim that any commandment is more important or more requisite to live a fulfilling life than any other. They are all pieces of the same puzzle.
Tradition holds that Abraham founded Judaism in Israel, around 2000 BCE.
Both as the national tradition and as the command of God.
Nowhere can it be found because this is NOT a Hebrew tradition.
Judaism's roots are in the Hebrew religion of Abraham; and in the Israelite religion of Moses. According to tradition, "Judaism" as such began with the covenant between Abraham and God.
Since Judaism is a very legalistic religion, it has a long tradition of questioning and discussion.
Checks and balances