Pressure and temperature are the two factors that affect flow and viscosity. Viscosity refers to the resistance of a liquid to the shear forces.
The wrong viscosity of oil in your engine.
As temperature increases viscosity decreases.
As the engine wears, the bearing clearances become a little larger, REQUIRING that you use a higher viscosity oil to maintain oil pressure. If using the recommended oil viscosity results in low oil pressure, you should certainly switch to the 10W40. HOWEVER, if the engine can maintain oil pressure using the recommended oil viscosity, you will get better economy and the engine will perform better.
That depends entirely on the condition of the engine. If the bearings are not worn, you would do better with a lighter weight oil (lower viscosity). If the bearings are starting to wear a little, you'll need something with a little higher viscosity, such as 10W30 or even higher. The oil pressure gauge is the best indicator of whether you should be using a higher viscosity oil. If the oil pressure drops significantly when the engine is hot and at an idle, switch to a higher viscosity oil. If the oil pressure stays up, don't use the higher viscosity.
Possibly but not likely. If you suspect the PCV valve is bad, replace it. The two deal with different aspects of engine operations. While a PCV can affect the way an engine runs, and even allow for a buildup of crankcase pressure, it will not affect oil pressure. If you have low oil pressure it may be time to change to a heavier (thicker) grade of engine oil. For example, if you're currently using a 5W15 oil, change to 10W30. Higher numbers indicate that the viscosity of the oil is thicker and can revive the oil pressure of an older engine that is starting to experience some wear.
No, the oil level can affect the the oil pressure if it is too high or low. The coolant level has no connection with the engine oil pressure.
Yes. If the temperature changes enough, the viscosity of oil will change, too. Oil is designed to resist changes in viscosity with temperature changes, at least to a degree. But if the change (either hotter or colder) is extreme, then the viscocity will most certainly change. And, as you'd expect, as it gets hotter, the viscosity of oil decreases (it get thinner), and as it gets colder, the viscosity of oil increases (it gets thicker).
In short, NO. Check your oil level and viscosity, or just change your filter and oil to be sure. Low pressure can come from a clogged filter.
Single viscosity is high quality oil. Mulit-viscosity oil is used for in the winter.
No, it will depend on leak-tightness, viscosity of oil etc.
This is normal as when the engine warms the viscosity of oil lessens, thus also reducing the oil pressure. On a cold start the oil pressure is on the high side, say reads at 75 at idle, then at operating temperature it can just read between 25 to 50 at idle speed, depending on which viscosity rating of the oil you use.