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If lightning strikes and your house loses power with the computer is on, you will ruin the computer unless you have a back up power thing (I'm not sure of the name) on your computer. That's why you should always shut your computer down during a storm.

Another Answer

It can. The way it can affect your computer is to broadcast a massive surge through your house power.

Residential power is subject to different forms of power fluctuations. Fluctuations can be more pronounced in areas near industrial parks where the limits on the local grid can be tested by the huge equipment plugged into it. You'd see more surges and brownouts. The devices in your house are designed to run on a specific power specification. If the power goes above the specification, it is called a surge. If it goes below the specification but above 0V, it is called a brownout. If the power is lost, or goes to 0V for any duration, it is called a blackout.

Uninterruptable Power Supplies (UPS) or battery backup units are used in line with the power of sensitive equipment to filter out these fluctuations. For power black/brownouts, it switches from the house power to its internal battery power converted to residential AC specification. For power surges, provided they are not powerful enough to blow the circuits in the UPS, they shunt the excess voltage past the output power, effectively isolating the equipment from the power anomaly.

Lightning strikes are a different ball game all together. A strike on the grid close to your house will burn just about anything plugged into the walls. It has to be recognized that a bolt of lightning, which is essentially a huge arc, reaching your house has just traveled miles to reach your location. The few inches between the switches on your wall or the UPS control circuits, are not going to be noticed by the phenomenon. The likelihood of lightning striking your house is very low. If lightning strikes around your house are frequent, you should have already invested in a well designed set of lightning rods.

UPS are different from Protected Power Strips. PPS do not condition the house power at all. They are pretty much useless except for controlling multiple outlets with one switch.

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Q: Does thunder or lightning affect appliances like computer?
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