Great minds think alike.
Words that connect words or phrases are called conjunctions.
cogito ergo sum
SPAZZM! Famous phrases "Why do you hate me?"
E Pluribus UNUM
You're in great shape! Look at the shape that couch is in! What shape do you think she is, apple or pear-shaped?
There is no one-or-two word anagram, and no apt phrases. There are a number of nonsense phrases such as "enjoy magma dish."
Words used to connect words and phrases are conjunctions.
fray-zez
newdiv
The word 'knock' has several definitions. It would be impossible to list all phrases and sentences. Not a complete answer but don't knock it.
No, time phrases are not considered nouns. They are usually classified as adverbs because they modify the verb in a sentence by indicating when an action takes place.
The word you are looking for is "epithet." Epithets are descriptive words or phrases added to someone's name to highlight a particular quality or characteristic of that person.