After the independence - 9 May 1877 - no.
No it has not changed its name
no
No
Dacia
Yes. Turkey was once the Ottoman Empire
After many invasions during the history, many wars and plunderings the people adopt the name Romanian, probably around the year 800.
Germany's name never changed during the Holocaust.
The official name is also Romania.
Romania has not a true popular name.
The name Romania is from 1861.
The name Romania was adopted officially in 1862.
All the national sports teams has the name Romania.